Introduction and Perspectives on Training Essay

entranceway and Perspectives on Training - Essay ExampleFrom this countersign it is clear thatorganisations employ training for operational and strategical issues consequent to internal and external changes. Organizations train their employees for skill sweetening, knowledge acquisition, honing of abilities for increase of performance in the prevail settings. The success of the training programme does not guarantee that training would be successfully transferred to the workplace. Trainability, the ability to elate and apply training material imbibed during the training programme at the workplace, is a function of ability, motivation and environmental favourability. Along with interest in training has arisen an increased interest in learning technologies and performance enhancement processes practices and services). The study of transfer of training has evolved from notions of shared elements to cognitive interpretations of transfer. Transfer of training construct is used to sp ot those aspects of the work environment that directly influence the generalisation and maintenance of knowledge and skills learned during training .This discussion highlights thatin a survey of 150 organizations, less than 50 percent of employees transferred only one half(a) of their newly acquired skills six months after the transfer. On the other hand, the importance of transfer climate can be gauged from the fact 50 percent of all the performance improvement resulting from training intervention, may be attributed to those post-training activities, which brave the transfer process.

Describe Plato's philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge, Essay

Describe Platos philosophical analysis of the character of knowledge, and explain what conclusions Plato drew for the methodolog - Essay ExampleOf importance to note is that, universals are made up of a system where particular laws are made under an ultimate law. Moreoer, the virtues involved emanate from a usual principle, over and above, the mathematical theorems of one fundamental truth. It is worth noting that the basic categories in, which universal are brought together revolves more or less beauty, truth, goodness (Cooper 2). Apparently, goodness is the greatness of the three. Understanding the temper of knowledge essential entails the idea types which it belongs to, the eternal laws where it could be give tongue to to be a passing instance, as well as, the context in which it possibly fits in. For instance, the have of the earth entails perceiving its place with regards to the solar system, with the inclusion of it being a stage in the heavenly bodies, over and above, cl arifying that its motion takes place in accordance to the gravity law (Cooper 3). Plato has his argument placed in the fact that knowledge cannot be achieved by use of experience but by reasoning, use of scent out where they are meant to push the reasoning towards the consciousness of what it already has although at the extreme opposite, it could mislead the conscious. Apparently, experience has neer been used to produce knowledge because the principles used in knowledge are universal and are very crucial in this doctrine as compared to experience that displays specific and casual ideas. In essence, experience must be preceded by something already in mind that could be used to interpret the necessary impressions of concern human beings. Theory of Knowledge through Astronomy Consequently, Plato emphasis that human knowledge is inborn peculiarly when he depicts an instance of a slave boy who was not educated and upon being asked question by some philosophers, he was able to think critically and hence attempted and displayed arithmetic and geometry knowledge. Through this instance, Plato argues that teach only evokes what is already underlying. Simply, a theory of knowledge is used to provide a clear plan of education (Meynell 13). In light of this, Plato uses dialectical reasoning particularly in astronomy where he is said to have attempted to use the elimination method giving the general analysis of astronomy. In fact, he emphasis on studying astronomy through mean of problems, over and above, eliminating the motion that is related to the stars in the sky. In the early days, Plato demonstrated a persuasive mode when he argues through writing on the use of embroidery in the sky as a model in studying former(a) things that are associated to the nature of knowledge (Meynell 16). In reference to Timaeus, Plato is demonstrated in the modern world as a philosopher who expounded critically on the nature of knowledge. Apparently, he is quite impressed by the uni versals order and beauty especially through his mandate of explaining the universe in terms of purpose, and benefits (Meynell 19). Views of Aristotle about the nature of change represent a departure from Plato It is apparent that there are distinct concepts of change demonstrate by the transition of Plato philosophical concepts to Aristotle concepts. Nevertheless, this is arguably as a result of the ignorance of Aristotle complete system. Basically, Aristotle

Service Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Service Management - Assignment Examplensidered most effective in identifying the influences of customer satisfaction is any form of quantitative customer satisfaction survey that manifest the unconsciously and qualitatively experienced customers into tangible and meaningful measures that can be used for decision making. For example done the quantitative method, customers can rank the influencers that affect their purchasing behavior.Customers in business to customer markets often lack to be treated with customized service even though their volumes of service are always high. This creates a recess that can only be addressed by the use of a instruction strategic pickax which seeks to learn more about specific markets. For customers in business to business markets, their needs often focus on value, which means that to address this gap, the differentiation strategic option which seeks to value-based service is used.Customer survey forms self-contained and evaluated shows that mark eters will continue to be faced with the responsibility of understanding their market through means such(prenominal) as research and development (R&D). This is because the needs of customers were noted to be very different and widespread, requiring only a detailed market research to discover these differences and building the right segments to provide services to customers.Supply networks and provider relationships are focused on by the author in the sixth chapter. In this chapter, the author notes that add chain management is very crucial in ensuring that the goal of the company in achieving efficiency and potency can be realized. To do this, the need for all stakeholders to function in a manner that is in line with the organizational culture of the main service provider is recommended.Most service providers have underestimated the constituent and place of supply chain, thinking that supply chain management is useful only for those in sell and other product based industries. Th e supply chain constructed below however shows that the service

Arbitration and Litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

arbitrement and Litigation - Essay ExampleFirst, the legality that recognises and enforces the agreement of arbitrament. Then law that regulates actual arbitration procedure, abutting the specific law or rules that arbitral tribunal has to use in the matter and finally law for recognition and enforcement of the decision of arbitral tribunal, known as arbitration award. The laws governing arbitration proceedings may be same but it is not necessarily so always. Since most of the international arbitration show quad in a neutral country to which neither the arbitrating parties belong. So the law of the proceedings, as utilise to the matter of the case and known as substantive or applied law, may be contrary from the law of enforcement of the award. For example, an arbitral tribunal sitting in England will have English law for place of arbitration but may need to apply New York law as substantive law1.Compared to the courts of law, arbitration is a primitive way to resolve the iss ues which is simple because of less formality and expense. The person deciding the difference of opinion has the capability that he is accepted for arbitration by two parties.2 For example two merchants disputing over damage to their goods would fold to and accept the judgement of a third, fellow merchant. Actually such had been a community practice to keep back peace and harmony among members of business community3.Why International Arbitration The answer may come from the situation that sometimes national law is not sufficient to resolve disputes between warring parties. For e.g. A confederation based in USA contracts another in Germany. The contract is for setting up a index finger plant in Egypt with any disputes to be mediated in London. Now, if a dispute arises and one of the party refuses to arbitrate or the losing party refuses to carry out the award. No national law can resolve the dispute in such case and is an International treaty was necessary to link the nationa l laws and respecting the award (see write 1 p. 4). The international treaty to resolve international disputes is a result of Geneva protocols 1923 & 1927 and New York multitude 1958. The aim for such treaty was to remove all the short comings of law of courts, viz. It is to be lush while law is slow, it is to be inexpensive while law is costly, to be simple in communication channel to law which is technical and is peace maker in contrast to strife creator4.The present arbitral surgical extremity no longer has the simplicity of its beginning, it has incorporated somewhat more technical complexity which was needed to substantiate it to remove any loopholes leading to non acceptance of the award, particularly by the losing party. In the modern arbitral process the award is binding on both the parties and if it is not carried out voluntary by the losing party it would be enforced by the court at the expense of that party (See footnote. 1).The Arbitration Process The first look is selection of an arbitrator, which should be done carefully. Ideally the help of an arbitral institution is a good resource for

Causal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Causal Argument - Essay ExampleComponents such as their behaviour, choices, and thinking, influence us. Therefore, individuals olfactory modality obligated to follow these components. This in turn causes comrade obligate. Peer pressure is beneficial to a authorized degree, barely it negative impact is more obvious. The part of society which is most susceptible to the impact of friction match pressure is that of teenagers (Treynor 108). This paper give look at both the negative and positive effects of peer pressure on individuals. Negative Effects When an individual is not fond of a proper(postnominal) look or when they do not have a liking toward a specified idea, it is unvarnished that they will not like to adopt it. Nevertheless, this is their peer group, which whitethorn oblige them in engaging in activities they dislike. It is apparent that an individual will not be contended engaging in what you do. Moreover, an individual will not be successful in the activity. Giving management to peer pressure in making significant decisions in your life can make you be sad. For instance, choosing a sport or taking up a field only because your colleagues do so, without regard to what your interests are, can only make a individual discontented. hopeless habits are in addition developed due to peer pressure. Peer pressure compels an individual to engage in activities that he is not comfortable in. This can make a psyche embrace a specific form of lifestyle, even if the individual doe not really want to (Spear and Kulbok 84). For example, a teenager whitethorn not enjoy consuming alcohol or going to parties on a daily basis, but due to the power of peer pressure, a teenager whitethorn transform to a expel companionship being. Similarly, the teenager whitethorn be turned from an individual who does not consume alcohol to a complete drunkard. There is a large number of teenagers who abuse drugs against their desire, largely because their peers compel them to abuse drugs. In legion(predicate) occasions, peer pressure has been the cause in generating drug addicts. It may be asserted that at this sonant period, teenagers are not aware that they are damaging their lives by conforming to peer pressure activities. Individuals too experience a loss of identity due to peer pressure. Tremendous peer pressure may make an individual do what his peers deem suitable. This is evident when a person follows his peers without question, adopts their music, taste of fashion, mode of dressing, and way of life as a whole. A person is compelled to do and like what is regarded as others preferences. This makes a person lose his conduct and originality of thought. Positive Effects Peer pressure enables individuals to adopt decent habits. Peer pressure gives an individual the opportunity to reflect on himself. Peers may be a source of upright teachings and bring forward an individual to follow these upright teachings. This gives people the opportunity to t ransform their lives for better. Observing the way others perform their activities may assist an individual bring a constructive change in the way they perceive events. If a person has the capacity to pick discerningly, peer pressure can push the person towards something incredible. For instance, if a assimilator is aware that a number of his colleagues have formed a study group, he will also be enticed to join the study group (Spear and Kulbok 89). It also enables exposure to the universe. The way of life and choices of peers gives a person insight into events surrounding the world. How peers respond in different situations, perceive situations, and think about life events may actually expose an

Blended Learning Implementation in Universities Essay

Blended learn Implementation in Universities - Essay ExampleUnfortunately, not all universities have a clear learn on how blended education plunder be implemented. The goal of this paper is to highlight the most burning(prenominal) points and offer a strategic framework for the development and implementation of blended larn strategies in higher(prenominal) education. The paper includes the definition and discussion of blended learning, the main criteria of effectiveness in blended learning environments, workable ways to implement blended learning in the classroom, and a common framework for higher education institutions seeking to implement the blended learning approach. Blended learning models and implementation Regardless of the goals and objectives of blended learning in universities, the process of implementing blended learning models in higher education mandates the development of strong and analyzable program implementation frameworks. The overall process of developing and implementing blended learning programs includes the following elements institutional, pedagogical, technological, design, evaluation and management, jump out and ethics (Singh 2003). This is actually a unique and extremely useful implementation framework that was proposed by Singh (2003). ... ecide whether it possesses good and personnel capabilities required, to guarantee that all learners have equal access to blended learning instruments. At this stop of implementation, universities need to perform a detailed needs analysis, to understand what learners need and how blended learning female genitals satisfy their needs. This is the planning stage of the implementation process in blended learning, which must(prenominal) include twain strategic and operational aspects (Garrison & Kanuka 2004). In strategic terms, universities must necessarily evaluate the needs, objectives and goals of blended learning, its potential benefits, cost and the availability of resources (Garriso n & Kanuka 2004). Operational planning has to be considered, in order to operationalize the goals and objective of blended learning and crop them into an action plan (Garrison & Kanuka 2004). For example, universities may develop advertising strategies to engage learners in blended contexts or allude to the needs of managing technologies effectively. Then follow the pedagogical and technological considerations. Universities that seek to implement blended learning approaches must decide upon the content to be included in the blend, the learning objectives to be met, and the learner needs (Singh 2003). In other words, here education professionals link the needs of learners to the learning objectives and the instruments to be used, to help learners meet these learning objectives. For example, if learners are expected to develop a new overlap or marketing model, then product simulation can become an essential component of the blend (Singh 2003). Once these delivery methods are identi fied, universities can proceed to decide upon the types of technologies to be used in blended learning. Here, technical

Excise 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Excise 4 - Essay faceIn addition, they have the agency to establish roads and post offices. Finally they are granted the motive to declare war which includes raising navies and armies.In section 2 of the constitution of Unites State the primary powers of the chairwoman include expression 1 to give information to recounting of the state of the Union, Further in clause 2 states that the president has the power and duty to recommend to their consideration of congress where necessary. In addition, the President has the power of calling congress into extraordinary session. Clause 4 He receives foreign representatives, he cares for the faithful carrying out of the law and finally, clause 6 the President commissions officers both in the foreign and military service.In article 3, section 1 state that the judicial power of united state is vested in Supreme Court. contribution 2, give the judicial branch power to attend to all cases both in law and faithfulness that arise under the con stitution and treaties made. This involves all cases regarding ambassadors, other public consuls and ministers to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction nurture to controversies in which the United States shall be a party among others.The three bodies often balance and check from from each one one other in different activities for instance the President always give recommendations to congress where he feels its essential. Moreover, the president exercises a check over the Congress by use of his veto bills power, however Congress may also rule against any veto by a two-thirds majority in each house. Furthermore, judicial branch helps in law interpretation to ensure uniform policies in all levels and

The Laws of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Laws of Leadership - Essay ExampleThis is the Law of the Inner circuit. According to Maxwell (1998), nil does anything great alone. Leaders do not succeed alone. (127) This is a statement of fact and it is actually practical. at that place was a time that I was given the mantle of leadership, but I must confess that, I did not farewell based on my own talents, but with the help and support of the peck that make uped with me. I did not succeed alone as it was with the help of the people closest to me. Thus, the Law of the Inner Circle was enacted in my life and now I know that, great men do not light upon great things alone, but with the efforts of the great minds that ferment with them (Pierce & Newstrom, 2010).According to John Maxwell (1998) in 21 irrefutable Laws of Leadership, Effective leaders are always on the lookout for good people. (103). I think I wealthy person not fared well in this regard. I know that, I need good people to work with, but I have not taken ti me to look for them. I have not really tried to magnet the people that I know that I can work with. In order to solve this leadership lapse, I would try as much as executable to be like the kind of people that I want to work with, so that it would be easier for me to pull up them. I would try to take my time out to attract people to my sphere and make them work towards achieving our common

Shifting Geographies of Production and Consumption Essay

Shifting Geographies of Production and Consumption - Essay ExampleThe late seventies, the eighties and the nineties all were dominated by the Japanese manufacturers. Even in the 21st century this dominance is not only visible but disturbingly complex with geographical concentration shifting in directions that have economic sense and reinforce the multinationals perception of competition.The automobile exertion has whatsoever peculiar characteristics when it comes to the question of concentration. thither is a common tendency for every industry to be agglomerated geographically. However the automobile industry has a typical tendency for such geographical agglomeration. For instance within the frontiers of a country, a regional concentration would mean many manufacturers of an industry concentrating their output in a particularly advantageous geographical region such as Detroit in America. The same region would act as a focal point for international companies, thus completing an i nternational cycle of geographic attraction.The automobile industry has some peculiarities in shifting the geographic epicenter of activity away from the initial centers of development to newer more demand-centric commercializeoriented regions in the globe. During the last three decades manufacturing centers have been shifted from low-cost, skilled- effort, market-centric regions to still low-cost, skilled-labour, market-centric regions elsewhere, e.g. China and India in Asia, East European countries in Europe and Latin America. Markets beckon not only the industry but also single manufacturers. Toyota Motor Corporation, Mitsubishi Motor Company, Nissan Motor Company and Honda Motor Company, all of Japan first entered the European unification (EU) to make use of tariff-free entry into the then flourishing market for automobiles. Next they entered the North American enclave. finally they are making entry into the Latin American and East European markets. The Japanese management a nd labour practices are rather

Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information System - see ExampleTechnology is considered a major component of human activities besides, there is a theory of technical determinism, which contends that technology is a determinant of the direction of cultural advancement, though it does not determine growth of cordial foundation. Moreover, there are assumptions that technological systemal innovation is considered a driving force behind the social chances, because establishing the social actors and relations (Hanks, 2009, 23). Nevertheless, this paper will present a discussion to support the motion that randomness systems have revolutionised the mood people ca-ca. Technology is considered practical application of know takege in an urbanized centering in which improves the human life. Technology has a greater influence on the society in different dimensions. This has led to finding ways of doing things more efficiently and effectively. This is due to the application of some devices like computers. On the other h and, Revolution refers to the gradual increase complexity as time goes by things change inwardly the perspective of technology improving (Eisenstein, 2002, 87). This is due to the increased innovation through the application of knowledge in order to come up with new things. ... Feature of technology relates to patterns of social consumption and establishment of consumer logic in developing countries leading to the change of cultures (Pacey, 1985, 12). However, technology has been associated with negative cultural aspects, whereby it also results to transmission of swingeing culture, which affects people negatively. Information systems through the internet by use of computers has influenced their behaviours in a way that alters the way individual identifies and recognizes the social sphere of action, tradition cultures, values systems and factors of social harmony (Hanks, 2009, 26). There are modified cultural identities to members of a certain community that relates to the need f or endogenous developing, whereby there s a lordly process of social evolution and change that results to the establishment of values and models of external behaviours (Hanks, 2009, 26). These behaviours are inspired by the advent of foreign technologies and cultural systems. For instance, communication through the internet has established ability to transmit sounds and images crosswise the world, thus leading to reproduction of altered face of contemporary culture, and this influence the way people work (Grint and Woolgar, 1997, 20). Science has a substantial role in the forward-looking life with a profound adjoin on the civilization of human beings. Information systems have lead to the provision of remarkable insights in the modern world. It resulted from scientific revolution in the 20th century, which marked a quantum leap to the modern world (Lara, 2010, 3). This led to many technologies and the development of various devices and machines that have

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ENVIRONMENTAL form _or_ system of government - Essay ExampleThis is a significant environmental issue that has raised debate across the verdant and the increasing use of technology by the developed nations is one of the major threats that prompted the signing of the Montreal protocol. The agreement also sought to tighten the ban on trading some substances like methyl due to its ample contribution to the ozone depletion with dire climatic consequences on Earth. b. slaying schedule. Since 1987 when this protocol was observed after the Vienna convention, in that respect has been a series of meetings among the parties and there is as steady executing and amendment of some of the policies. The initial meeting was meant to speech communication the mode of mitigating the emission of ozone depletion substances with particular focus to the chlorofluorocarbon compounds (Reitze, 2001). Further meetings go for been occasioned by assessment of the implementation process with the last meet ing of the open-ended working group emphasizes the strict adherence to the protocol rules and regulations which is immediately backed up by licensing of divers(a) manufacturers and their nations on the limit of the producing the specified ozone depletion process (United Nations Environment Programme,2006). Implementation schedule was spread over years that spans from the protocols inception to 2013. c. Number of participants and the reasons for the level of participation. The protocol currently has 197 parties who are assigned various legal obligations to undertake. The members participation is determined by the sparing stipulation since this highly gives the estimated volume of industrial production which in turn explains the production of ODS (Reitze, 2001). The developed member states have been found to be the major polluters as compared to the less developed countries and this explains why their participation is more of concern. The developing countries are most involved i n promoting environmental care campaign in their respective nations. d. contrast the success of the Montreal Protocol to that of the Kyoto Protocol and address the reasons for any differences in terms of National Interests of those that elected to take part and those that have not. The two protocols have a common denominator in the form of reducing the exponential tramp of ozone layer depletion emissions. It is worth to note that US has been at the center stage as the global economic powerhouse in respect to the control of this climate menace issue. On the basis of cost social welfare analysis US realized that it has more to lose from Kyoto protocol and therefore vehemently opposed it. On the other hand Montreal protocol was seen to be relatively friendly and proved to be acceptable by many countries. One of the issues that dogged Kyoto protocol was its monetary compensation mechanism which did not go mess well with US and other nations. The conflicting interests of various par ticipants arose from the cost/benefit analysis of the monetary experimental condition of Kyoto protocol against the licensing of Montreal protocol (Oberthu?r & Ott, 1999). On aggregate many participants promoted adoption of Montreal protocol as macrocosm effective and economical to implement. 2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) a. Discuss the issue of blank space Rights as it relates to UNCOLS The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a legal framework that empowers various countries bordering sees and oceans on how to manage them (Sands, 2003). It is important to

Public administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Public administration - Essay ExampleThe process of formulating a new humanity policy often follows three stages agenda setting, option-formulation, and then finally implementation. This obviously revolves around the problem to be solved. A perfect example is the problem of health care in the US. The Affordable Care influence/ Obama Care is an example of public health policy that was recently implemented in the US.President Obama gestural into law The Patients Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in March 23rd 2010. This policy aims to benefactor more Americans gain access to health insurance at affordable rates. This is because millions of US citizens are uninsured. The ACA whole shebang in phases to reduce the number of uninsured by introducing an Individual Mandate. By 2014 every uninsured respective(prenominal) (Adults and Children) will be required to energise some form of health insurance by give up to $285/year to virtual health insurers online.Women will not pay hi gher premiums and insurers will have issue a cover regardless of enrollees having pre-existing medical conditions. Under ACA, insurers are also requires to cast off at least 80% of their premiums in actual health care. The ACA strives to push health insurance prices reduce and also maintain quality of care in the

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivational Theories and Factors - Essay characterSo, it is better to be an active listener of others and we can motivate effectively. Invest more time with the workers and perform as a pure listener to them. Presence of supervisor or manager gives various concepts of motif like responsibility, confidence, loyalty and commitment to the employer. Stefanie Hoffmann observes These concepts not only provide want in the sense of increase performance but also the loyalty and commitment of the employees to the organization (Hoffmann, 2007, p. 111). Rewards are essential part of motivation and rewarding the outstanding achievements of workers or employee provides them motivation. Find different methods to appreciate the achievements of people in public. Rewards include gifts, monetary supports, and certificates, lunch programs and initiative board. It is important that exact communication is essential for why the employee is being rewarded or appreciated. To visualise the strength and weaknesses of the employee is an important responsibility of an economic manager. Help employees if they need special assistance and coaching .An efficient manager eliminate the weaknesses of his worker and enhance their strength through help and assistance.

Strict Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strict Liability - taste ExampleHowever both at common honor and through Statute on that point be crimes of stiff liability and vicarious liability. Crimes of strict liability ar those where intention (be it mens rea and/or negligence) need non be renderd in respect of one or more of the elements of the actus reus of an offence. The prosecution only has to prove that the accused committed the actus reus. Crimes of vicarious liability are those whereby the accused neither did the act nor had the intention entirely is held nonresistant due to his relationship with the actual perpetrator. The development of strict and vicarious liability offences seems to be historical a reaction to the plethora of regulatory sanctions and poorly drafted legislation which did not mention malice, intent, knowledge or will.It might appear that state of affairs offences, such as crimes of strict liability are exceptions in English law. These are offences where either the legal or the evidential b urden of proof falls on the defence. However, Ashworth and Blake claimed in their explore that up to 40% of trials in the Crown Court required the defendant to prove either a statutory defence or disprove at least one element of the offence and that everywhere 123 serious criminal offences had an element of strict liability. Most of these offences are regulatory, pertaining to food, drugs, wellness, alcohol, factories, pollution and other public health matters, and are mala prohibita rather than mal in se. They argued that this has made significant inroads on the presumption of innocence.The prosecution does not unendingly have to establish that the actus reus was voluntary. So for example in Callow v Tillstone 1900 a butcher was held liable for exposing unsound meat for sale even though the carcass had been certified as fit for humanity consumption by a vet. A crime may have a mixture of strict liability and mens rea/negligence as to the elements of the actus reus. Hence in R v Prince 1875 the accused was convicted of taking an mateless girl low the age of 16 out of her fathers possession as knowledge that the girl was under 16 was not required for conviction. It was sufficient that he knew she was in her fathers possession. At common law there is a presumption that mens rea is required to establish guilt. One remaining controversial area is that of the common law offence of Blasphemy where there is still some confusion. Lord Denning had said during a speech in 1949 that the blasphemy laws belonged in the past ... it was thought that a denial of the Nazareneianity was liable to shake the fabric of society, which was itself founded upon Christian religion. There is no such danger to society now and the offence of blasphemy is a all in(p) letter.In 1979 morality crusader Mary Whitehouse successfully sued Gay News and its editor for publishing a poem which described a purported affair between a male soldier and Jesus Christ and necrophilic acts with his corpse Whitehouse v Gay News Ltd 1979. In 1990 it was held that blasphemy laws only applied to

Scienece Column Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scienece Column - expression ExampleThis is all around thermodynamics. In essence, thermodynamics involves the examination of the internal motions of various body mechanisms or instead its a subfield of natural science that involves heat and its relationship to various forms of energy and work. Therefore, heat becomes an underlying and indispensable component of thermodynamics. Virtually, most of the substances that people encounter with in their day to day life dwell of body systems of one kind or the other, that is, they either fall under solids, liquidnesss, gases or even light. It is therefore, expected that thermodynamics is a field in physics that comprises exceptional wide variety of applicability. There are numerous thermodynamic experiments utilise to demonstrate the movement of energy from one substance to another as a result of varying of temperature. This column shall study two of the four forms of thermodynamic experiments discussed in the past a few(prenominal ) weeks. One of the study experiment that this column shall detail on is the meaning of heat and this shall be illustrated employ the calorimeter experiment. The second form of thermodynamic experiment to be studied is the Statistical physics lab and this result be based on the concept of thermal energy of randomly moving molecules with heat used as the mode of transfer. Meaning of heat Heat is defined as a form of energy, sometimes referred as thermal energy capable of passing through an object of high temperature to an object with unhopeful temperature. The flow of heat is essentially measured using a gizmo known as calorimeter. This device operates in such a way that it is insulated to minimize the loss of heat to the surrounding. Within some essential temperature variance, it is easy to understand the hotness or coldness of something by simply touching it. However, it is unreliable if you position one of your hands in cold urine, and the other into hot water, then you plu nge both into stiff water. You will note the difference, one hand will detect that the water is hot, while the other will experience some cold. In other aspects, when something is too hot to hold or even touch, we usually get an impression of how hot the substance is by approaching it and detecting the radiant heat it emits. if there is an increase in temperature, the substance glows hot. The major problem with such subjective feelings of heat is that, they are dissimilar for various persons. If two hands transmit different messages pertaining the hotness or coldness of a substance, how about a group of people? Obviously, they will report varied responses. In illustrating the flow of heat, an experiment was entrap up, whereby a pan of water was placed on a hot glowing perk up and the temperature notice over time. It was noted that, their was steady increase in time, reflecting the transfer of heat from the fire, up to the moment the water started boiling, whereby the temperatu re remained constant for a long period. The steam emitted had same temperatures as the boiling water. So, what actually happened to the heat transferred from the fire to the pan of water? It was found out that, heat was needed to change the form of water from the liquid to the gaseous form/steam. In-fact, a high amount of heat is required to change the state of water to steam form, approximately 540 calories per gram. This is far much

Panera Bread Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread turn upPanera Bread is a nationwide known eatery that provides premium foods in a sophisticated atmosphere. Panera Bread is in the line of bakery-caf. They determined to set themselves apart from eateries such as McDonalds, Wendys, and Burger King. The stores are equipped with actually conversant(p) settings and Wi-Fi. Panera Bread specializes in a variety fresh adust bread and repast options for the health sense of right and wrong customer.SWOT Analysis Strengths Panera Bread is known nationwide and this helps to attract customers. Panera Bread has an assortment of fresh breads and meal offerings to accommodate those that are health conscience. Panera Bread moved past the fast food market and decided to offer high-quality, premium food to its customers. The overall ambience of the eatery gives an intimate, at home feel that makes the customer unavoidableness Scott Davis, senior vice president and chief concept office had a clear vision of the oversight Pane ra Bread would take and a clear strategy of how to achieve that goal.WeaknessThe eatery offers premium, fast dining and the prices whitethorn appear to be on the higher end to customers. Panera Bread has not been able to increase the very muchness of which customers dine at the eatery. In order to enter as a franchise, Panera Bread has a very strict list of criteria that makes it difficult to discard.OpportunitiesPanera Bread can cease the opportunity to offer their fresh baked breads in supermarkets or sell their breads in store to customers. Panera Bread has the opportunity to offer a level end eating experience. This lower end chain will appeal to potential customers who cannot afford and salutely meal for the family.ThreatsPanera Breads direct competition is fast-casual restaurants. The change in the economy has affected how often individuals and families go outside of the home to dine.Alternatives 1.Offer Panera Breads signature dough and bread to local supermarkets or fo r sell at the Panera stores. 2.Introducing a lower market restaurant. 3.Make entering the franchise easier by making the criteria to qualify less strict.Discussion of Alternatives Alternative 1 Pros Offering their dough for purchase by customers has the potential to bring more revenue for the company. It will also introduce the Panera Bread brand into households of those who have not visited the restaurant.Cons The cost to produce the fresh dough to customers may exceed the overall gain to the company.Alternative 2 Pros Introducing an hang on chain to appeal to a lower income customer base will expand the customer base. With the fork up state of the economy, families are finding it hard to eat out especially when the prices are high.Cons This particular alternating(a) detours the company from their clear goal. With so many affordable eateries, Panera Bread strives to set itself apart from the others.Alternative 3 Pros easement the criteria would make entry in the franchise easi er. This will allow for more Panera Bread stores to open.Cons Easing the criteria would deteriorate the stability of the franchise. The strict criteria ensure the overall success of the franchise.Recommendations Panera Bread would benefit most by teaming up with supermarkets to supply fresh baked Panera Bread. Even though the company itself does not serve glacial bread, it may be a good idea to offer the frozen dough for customers to purchase.

Critical analyse of the external and internal environments Essay Example for Free

Critical analyse of the out-of-door and internal environments EssayFrom the vast run, the parsimoniousness entrust all be developed better than before, as tenacious in that location are no large scales of contends. If the economy in the world is developing in a steady and healthy way, the demand for the cars pass on be larger and larger. The fact that the number of Japanese cars assembled in North Ameri butt will soon shew pass 2 million per year will lead to the oversupply, so it is likely to threaten the price coordinate of the U. S. auto grocery store and in the meantime, it will bring to the elevatedest degree negative impact on the tax revenue of the automotive businesses in the U.S. market.3.3 Social factorsAs long as the customers contrive a plastered aim of buying power, there will be a large number of car buyers. After the valet War II, nearly all countries in the world were making every effort to recover from the war. The war was destructive to all t he countries that had participated in the war. In some developing countries, masses even had to worry about whether they had to suffer from hunger, let alone buying car to make their life easier. However, as the recovery of economy, people begin to think about the houses and cars to improve the quality of their life(Ravichandran et al., 2005). In the meantime, the social concept is also changing. manpower were the trend of the drivers, but much and more women are independent and set about good economic conditions, so the demand for cars is also increase. The changing social trend has enabled traverse to produce various types of cars in fix to meet the different demands from different groups.3.4 Technological factorsThe advent of the Internet has simplified customers life, and the advent of cars subscribe to make customers life more convenient. However, Ford does not cease to make innovation in terms of engineering science. For instance, nearly modern cars have been equipped with intelligent strategys such as Global Positioning System (GPS) which enables the customers not to get lost no matter where they go. The intelligent system will be able to interpret the car owners with alternative lines according to the actual situation of the road. If there are traffic jams, the system will remind the car owners to choose another alternative. In addition to the intelligent system which will do good for the car owners, the design of the cars will also be more charitable oriented. The innovation of technology will bring convenience to customers, so the design and the function of the cars in Ford will enable the customers to have better experience of driving. Therefore, more and more customers who can afford cars will choose to buy a car. 4. Internal environments of Ford The analysis of internal environment can find out the absolute strengths and weaknesses.If the try sticks to its past successful strategies, they will fail in the new competitiveness for not updating its strategies(Leidner et al., 2011). any enterprise has its strengths and weaknesses, and the internal strengths and weakness and the external opportunities and threats will be the foundation for enterprise to formulate strategies. This subdivision will use trick up analysis to explain Fords internal environment.4.1 StrengthsFord has long history and its brand has been well-known to the whole world,and this strength has enabled Ford to make brand marketing. As long as the brand has been known to the customers, the customer will buy the product due to the brand effect. Then, there is effective customer management system which will enable Ford to target the existing and latent customers more accurately. On the other hand, there is diversified management system that can attract authoritative talents to Ford to make wise decisions. There are many job opportunities that are offered by Ford, and the policies on human resource management are flexible.4.2 WeaknessesIt has re ported that the quality of the products has not met the standards in recent years, so many of the cars have to be recalled back to the factory. This incident has indicated that the quality check system has problems, and this may reasonableness public relation crisis. On the other hand, to compare Ford with its competitors, Ford has not introduced sophisticated technology such as robot in the process of manufacturing the products. The third weakness is that the cars that have been produced in Ford have not reached 27.5 miles per gallon fuel efficiency standard(Peppard and Ward, 2004). 4.3 Opportunities As Ford is a multinational company, the multinational market has been developed due to the market expansion. In such case, the product will not further be sold in the native countrybut also in foreign countries.In the meantime, Ford has developed its e-business system on the internet, so the international market is able to enlarge and the market share of Ford is also likely to incre ase. Then, the low cost of cars does not mean low quality, so the cars will be cost-effective, which will attract more customers to buy them, and thus increase the sales(Peppard and Ward, 2004).4.4 ThreatsThe major threats get from the competitors of Ford, especially the Japanese cars, for the Japanese manufactures are trying to open the market of luxurious cars in the unify States. In the meantime, the exchange rate of Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar is everchanging and not steady. In addition to Japanese cars, the new entrants to the U.S. will also come from China and India(Leidner et al., 2011). Another threat is that the governance has been more involved in the regulations and policies on cars. Although there are concessions made by the government, theconcessions may be taken back by the government. 5. Strategies for Ford in the coterminous five years The analysis of SWOT for Ford will be helpful for the decision makers to make the strategies for the future. When the key ex ternal and internal factors have been effectively matched together, it will help Ford to be more competitive than its competitors. It is suggest that the decision makers can implement SO system.This strategy will enable Ford to take full advantages of its internal strengths and external opportunities(King, 2002). Effective brand marketing and good customer management system, as well as human resource management system will enable the company to develop its e-businesses in the international market. If the noteworthy brand has affordable price for customers, the sales and market share will increase to a certain extent. As long as the market share and sales has successfully increased, the company can locate at the first or second in the same industry. Another plausible strategy is WO strategy which will make use of the external opportunities to make up for the weaknesses. However, the weaknesses can sometimes become obstacles for seize the opportunities, so if the company should tr y to overcome the weaknesses and turn them to strengths. For instance, if the demand for the cars which have equipped with intelligent system is large, but the factory has not acquired the technology of equipping the system, so Ford can cooperate with the companies which have this technology. In such case, some(prenominal) companies will benefit from this business.On the other hand, if the company does not destiny to cooperate with other companies, the employees who have the knowledge of such technology should be employed to the company with high salary in order to assure the technology innovation. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, this report has conducted a about study of the external and internal environments for Ford Motor Company. The political environment has proved that the government has both positive and negative impacts on Ford, and the economic and social factors have turned out more and more people can afford a car, especially the independent women. The technology factors have also contributed to the increasing market share and sales of Ford for its convenience and comfort and affordances. Then the report has made a SWOT analysis of Fords internal environment, and it has suggested two plausible strategies for Ford in the next five years. One is SO strategy and the other one is WO strategy, which will enable Ford to pee its strategic objectives in the automotiveindustry.

Resource Management Essay Example for Free

imaging Management EssayMattel is wizard the strongest manufacturers of toys in the world. It is the market leader in developing toys of highest international standards. exclusively staying at the top is not easy for Mattel, as it is positioned in one of the most intensive natured markets in terms of competition. Mattel has over twenty-five thousand employees around the globe (Mattel, 2010). In fact, what makes Mattel No. 1 in the toy industry is its well trained and high skilled custody. This paper will discuss the strategies utilize to enhance the productivity and skills of Mattel custody. Question 1 The most important challenge for Mattel is to recognize and provide for the sine qua non of coordinated development. Development is an essential furcate of any organization. Mattels development programs were introduced by the CEO of the company. The original step was to develop broad based strategy. These development programs resulted in skilled and productive workforce. Secondly Mattel wished to commix corporate gloss, for which development facilitators met groups of 10 or 12 employees globally and supervised them how to implement the new culture.Mattel overly introduced digital training centers, by which employees have access to more(prenominal) than 200 e-development courses. These measures have helped Mattel to convert its workforce as the most important assets of the company. As a result of all these actions, Mattels selection and enlisting strategies would likely improve and become more intense. The succession plan aims to retain HR talent, but as a result Mattels selection criterion would be more challenging.A break apart from this, Mattel would wish to try employees who be sociable and have good communication skills, as coordinated development efforts require employees from unalike departments to interact more. Further, Mattel might also judge the GK (General Knowledge), IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and EQ (Emotional Quotient) levels of new recruits as a part of enhanced selection strategy. (Mathis Jackson, 2008) Question 2 There is no probability of the instance where the developmental efforts of Mattel would raise to some employees more than others.The rationale behind this is that the coordinated development efforts were aimed to work for all employees of the Mattel industry. Most employees of Mattel atomic number 18 related to manufacturing process, even if they work in different departments. Since majority employees work towards similar goal (manufacture highest spirit toy), their mental and developmental processes would almost be the same. Furthermore, the developmental efforts and programs aim to compose skilled and productive workforce does not involve technical training in manufacturing a toy, hence these processes be developed such as to attract all Mattel employees equally.Lastly, Mattel has recently implemented an integrated corporate culture. This culture acts as a niche for the Mattel employee s where they interact with other teams and seek to pursue coordinated development efforts. Thus Mattel employees rouse be defined as bees collectively working to produce honey. In such instances, these development efforts appeal all employees the same. (Bratton Gold, 2001) Question3 There can be several reasons for the Barbie girls group and Hot Wheels boys group not interacting with one another and working effectively together in the past.Firstly, Mattel requires its employees to feel the passion and become a part of what they manufacture. Hence, the Barbie girls group had all the instructions and manufacturing processes that coincided with Barbies feminine nature. While the Hot Wheels boys group reflected aggressive, daring and reckless nature concepts in their manufacturing processes and instructions. Secondly, Barbie and Hot Wheels were brands of Mattel, and had different market segmentation and target markets. Hence the strategies designed to stag each brand was different a nd couldnt have been merged.Barbie was targeted at teenage girls while Hot Wheels was targeted at teenage boys. Furthermore, the culture within which the employees of Hot Wheels and Barbie worked were completely different. There was nothing common in the ethnical environment where twain the brands were manufactured. (Montgomery, 1993) There are, however, several methods by which Mattel could reinforce the needs for these groups to work together. Firstly, the identity of both groups should be reinforced as a part of Mattel family rather than separate entities.Hence, the employees of both brands would realize that they are part of a Mattel family, and could interact with one another and share their secrets and strategies about skills, labor empowerment and employee dedication. Secondly, Mattel should more intensely implement a common corporate culture within the company which will create a common ground for Barbie and Hot Wheels manufacturers to work together. Thirdly, the need for c oordinated development efforts should be evince upon by promoting teamwork and interaction to achieve goals (Mathis Jackson, 2008).Furthermore, managers can also use succession plans for key positions. Thus they can use terms as Boys need Girls, and vice versa to emphasize the reality that both Hot Wheels (boys) and Barbie (girls) are equally important part of the company. Conclusion Mattel has developed several strategies and techniques to empower its employees. The development programs aims to improve skilled labor, and succession plans aim to retain human resource talent. If properly implemented, these strategies, along with the new corporate culture could enhance the performance and efficiency of all employees.These methods would surely help Mattel to retain the No. 1 bang as market leader in toy manufacturing industry. References Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2001). Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. second EditionNew York Routledge Mathis, R. L. and Jackson, J. H. ( 2008). Human Resource Management. 12th Edition. New York Cengage Learning Mattel (2010). Mattel Website. Accessed on August 23, 2010 from http//www. mattel. com/ Montgomery, B. P. (1993). Mattel, Inc. International Directory of Company Histories Vol. 7, pp. 304.

Atheistic Existentialism - Life Domains Essay Example for Free

Atheistic existential philosophy Life Domains EssayDirections Complete the Atheistic existentialism mainstay in the table below by filling in the cells from in directation provided in the textbook. Atheistic Existentialism / REALITY The moreover reality for an AE is the one they create for themselveseverything is emergence everything is connected as some form of matter or energy and in a cause and effect relationship Atheistic Existentialism /KNOWLEDGE The only knowledge comes from our own senses. Atheistic Existentialism / humankind NATURE To an AE humans be allowed free-will, personalities and consciences but enduret have whatever reason to do anything with it Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN PROBLEMS Their problem is that they orduret deal with the fact that they have human personalities and tendencies but dont know why, or what to do with it Atheistic Existentialism /SOLUTIONS TO HUMAN PROBLEMS Humans just have the only solution to their problem and the more they evolve the better theyll be at fixing them, so survive as if your inner desires do have some intend and try to make an impact on the world. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN VALUE Truly there is no ultimate value of a human life, but Humans can have value because they create their own reality by making their own choices heartfelt or bad.Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN PURPOSE Our only role according to an AE is that of making yourself into who or what you wish to be, otherwise there is no purpose. Atheistic Existentialism / ethics Ethics SchmethicsAs long as you make a conscience choice to do something good or bad you are determining what your ethics are. not living by the laws of man, or any other guide. Atheistic Existentialism / SUFFERING Nothing good comes of it there is no purpose for it so dont do it. Atheistic Existentialism / MEANING OF LIFE.There is no real meaning each individual is able to determine what life means to them by their choices to be or not to be, do or not do, etc. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN DESIRE Kill it begettert be led by your inner needs, wants, voices, it is absurd to follow these accidental causes of evolution because you dont need anything more than the basics to survive. Personal Reflection Directions Briefly summarize your personal rebuke on the information that you have entered into Tables 1 and 2 in this assignment.It is interesting to see the evolution of these 3 worldviews. From the Naturalist who views everything as natural in its existence you exist based on your senses and experiences alone to the Secular Humanist with their realization that humans are wonderful great creatures with personalities and determinations, but it doesnt matterto the Atheistic Existentialist (AE) who finally realizes that the innermost touchings and desires we have as humans do exist, but would be better off killed or cut come out of the closet than to be nurtured and followed.To me It is just mans mood of not w anting to give credit where credit is do So many people feel they have to give up so much to follow God. The only way Satan can win is to have more souls in his army than God. He finds our weaknesses and zeroes in on them to keep us from realizing the truth. Mans ego and sense of self is historically his ruination. Its easy to see how in these days, these 3 views all making humans the only thing that matter and by crossing out God, satan is able to lead many astray.

Interconnection Billing System of Grameenphone Ltd. Essay Example for Free

interrelatedness cathexis body of rules of Grameenph hotshot Ltd. Essay1.0 IntroductionIn early 2008, Bangladesh Telecommunication restrictive Commission (BTRC) announced that reorganization of the countrys telecommunication interconnectedness computer architecture as per International Long quad Telecommunication Services (ILDTS) Policy 2007 has to be completed by the mid of August, 2008 (BTRC, 2008a). This announcement by the telecom regulator obligated relevant telecom floozies (e.g. mobile and fixed networks) to take necessary measures to complete the re-organization line within the deadline while ensuring in that location is no or minimum subscriber inconvenience and tax escape cock due to this reorganization. Grameenphone Ltd., the largest cell phone operator of the country having a subscriber base of virtually 17 Million at that period (BTRC, 2008b), had to approach this regulatory directive with great importance as interconnection termination charge is th e source of 2nd largest revenue stream for the comp whatsoever (Grameenphone Annual Reports, 2008 2011). It launched a cross-functional mould to complete the interconnection restructure labor movement smoothly.This Project Team identified prevailing interconnection tutelage butt ones and arrangings of the organization as one of the key improvement areas. It was felt that existing in-house developed tools lacked the flexibility to throw the change in network architecture. Management wanted replacement of manual(a) billing related tasks finished fully automated clays to ensure faster transactions and extension of produced reports. After through assessment of former(a) alternatives within the allocated budget by experts from relevant cross-functional teams, Intec joinion Billing constitution (IIBS) was procured from one of the leading vendors of the valet de chambre, Intec Systems Ltd. (CSGI, 2012).This account focuses on the evaluation of IIBS, a hi-tech developme nt clay and its contribution to Grameenphone Ltd., a engineering-based organization. Major sources of breeding are my experiences as a member of this billing constitution implementation project team and later on use it for about 03 years and inter facial expressions and email exchange with aggregate technical persons and separatewise stakeholders of IIBS. In nearly areas, training materials provided by the billing system vendor and web entries have been consulted as well.2.0 Overview of Intec Interconnection Billing System2.1 Telecom Interconnect and Related Facts Bangladesh ContextThe term Interconnect in the telecommunication world means a business line model where distinguishable competing telephony providers coexist and interconnect to each other (4gbilling Inc., 2012). As per Bangladesh Telecommunication Act-2001, any telecom operator must ensure any-to-any connectivity so that its subscriber(s) chamberpot hands down communicate with the subscriber(s) of other tele com operator(s) (BTRC, 2001c) as a result, telecom operators interconnect each other in a flash or through interconnection exchanges (it is the slip of paper in Bangladesh after reorganization of national interconnection architecture in 2008) and also establish connectivity with foreign operators through international gateways. understand 1 Block plat of Interconnectivity (adapted from ILDTS Policy07, BTRC 2008a)After establishment of inter-connectivity, telecom operators pay each other interconnection access charges for the work (i.e. voice reverberate, SMS, MMS) generated by its subscriber(s) to the other at a rate mutually negotiated or enforced by the regulator. This interconnection payment and associated tasks, e.g. calculation of interconnect concern volume originated and trustworthy, generation of invoices, and validation of other operators invoices are dictated by their mutual interconnection agreements and/or relevant directives from the telecom regulators (Interconn ection Regulations, 2004).2.2 Interconnect Billing SystemsWith the world(a) flair of telecom de-regulation, interconnectivity gets crowded and telecom operators are in need of interconnection billing system offering detailed analysis of interconnection. The objective, of course, is to make smart and well informed business decisions to enhance revenue streams (4gbilling Inc., 2012).The major tasks accomplished by using Interconnect Billing system are -Inter-operator answer for calling exchanged with other operators,-Resolution of interconnection billing disputes,-Generation of various reports-Detection of various telecom frauds and assist in focussing of those.2.3 Technological Features of Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS)IIBS lies at the downstream of Mediation Server in the telecom network architecture. It works under client- waiter model. The attend tors are powered by HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard, 2011). It has dual server one houses Database other runs Application (Intec Training Material, 2008).Figure 2 Network Diagram of IIBS (adapted from 4Gbilling Inc., 2012)In the client side computers, in that location are different modules for invoice generation, reporting, and reconciliation of CDRs from other operator, and so on These clients are connected with the IBS application server using LAN (Local Area Network).Client computers whitethorn run Microsoft Windows operating systems. The clients cigarette access IIBSs application through Graphical User Interface (GUI) or through web-based Oracle Disc overer (a customized tool) says Mr. Raiyan Karim, System Engineer, IBS of Grameenphone Ltd. (Karim, 2012).A team within the Information Technology department are assigned the task to put together and operate IIBS while the drug drug users are spread all over the organization ranging from Finance to Regulatory personal business functions.2.4 Categorisation of IIBS as Information SystemAs an information system, Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS) support be categorised in several perspectives.From hardware perspective (Bocij et al, 2008 Chapter 3), IIBS has the primary capture/ input technology in use is the LAN connectivity with an upstream application server, very powerful CPU as processor, 25 Terabyte online magnetic disk warehousing and payoff can be taken through every monitor display, e-document or printed papers.From software perspective (Bocij et al, 2008 Chapter 4), IIBS is an application software, to be specific, application to process large databases containing CDRs.From solicitude-level perspectives (Laudon and Laudon, 2012), IIBS can be categorised generally as a transaction affect system as it deals with instances of interconnection traffic exchanged (i.e. call/ SMS/ MMS made to received from other operators). This system serves sine qua nons of operative management and but, the outputs from this system has a wider circulation to different management levels even up to top executives mainly due to impor tance of associated business activity (interconnectivity) for telecommunication industry.From organisational function (Laudon and laudon, 2006) perspectives, IIBS is an Information Technology business area specific information system. It handles digital customer call records for generation of interconnection billing details.From the perspectives of reach (Boddy et al, 2005 37-38), IIBS is identified as an intra-organisational IS. though its core use lies within the IT department of Grameenphone, this system is very frequently accessed from other parts of the organizations e.g. Finance, Marketing, Regulatory Affairs, etc. Moreover, as IIBS contributes to achieve overall organisational goals e.g. reliable settlement of interconnection revenue, help in developing food market offerings, it can easily be termed as an intra-organisational IS.3.0 Supported Organisational ProcessesThe organizational processes supported by IIBS can be analysed by using two approaches a) CIPSODAR model of in formation system (Heeks, 2011a) and b) usage and applications of computer based IS by organisational level (Bocij et al, 2008 P 45).3.1 CIPSODAR on IIBSIIBS captures processed CDR (Call Detail Records) from Mediation server (a system apply to convert data of certain datatypes to other datatypes, usually for billing purposes, Wikipedia, 2012). These mediated CDRs are feed into IIBS as inputs.Figure 3 IIBS on CIPSODAR model (adapted from Heeks, 2011a)The captured CDRs have to contain at least 06 information field which are in numeric form (Intec Systems, 2008) i.Unique CDR identification no. associated with each call made to received from other operators, ii.phone no. of call originating subscriber,iii.phone no. of call recipient subscriber,iv.call start time,v.call duration, vi.Intelligent network marking apply to identify post-paid or pre-paid subscriber.These mediated CDRs are further processed by IIBS, i.e. classifying based on various pre-set criteria e.g. pre-paid, post-paid, originating operator, terminating operator sorting thereof based on each criteria, and finally compiling. IIBS has remarkable process capacity as it handles about 70 Million CDRs in every 6 hours (Karim, 2012).IIBS uses two types of storage one is online which has huge storage capacity to store CDRS for consecutive 04 months and another is older CDRs which are travel to magnetic tapes for archiving.Output from IIBS is billing details categorized based on interconnect operator, incoming call flow, outgoing call flow, or duration e.g. day-wise or month-wise. Recipients can generate invoice to be telephone numberd to other operators or customized reports using the client side invoicing or reporting modules of IIBS.The outputs generated from IIBS data help the organization to answer on its interconnection business strategy e.g. integrate additional interconnect capacity with nearly operator or formulate business plan e.g. promote calls to other operators by lowering customer charge. Actions allow implementation of internal business strategy or contractual obligations of interconnection agreement. The results derived from such actions are inter-operator settlement and dispute resolution for interconnection traffic, deduce competitive edge or retain stronghold over market. The outputs from IIBS billing details helps to detect and take action against telecom frauds, to meet regulatory compliance by generating reports for telecom regulator on regularly and ad-hoc terra firma. It is useful in revenue projection through trim down analysis of interconnection traffic.3.2 Organisational Levels and IIBSAs mentioned in earlier section, IIBS mainly functions as transaction bear upon system and hierarchically destined to serve the surgical operational management. The operations managers ensure processing activities of IIBS. In this level, IIBS serves as a solution to generate reliable invoices, validation of other party invoices, resolution of inter-operator invoiced /data related disputes, and generation of various reports.Figure 4 IIBS different Organisation level (adapted from Bocij et al, 2008)In upper level of the organisational hierarchy, IIBS generated reports serve as tactical tool. ground on interconnection traffic trends and invoices, they generate interconnection revenue forecast, interconnection capacity need etc.IIBS reports are consulted by Top Management level also. Settlement of interconnection revenue is a key issue as it counts for the 2nd largest revenue stream of Grameenphone (Grameenphone 2011). Interconnection traffic volume is a key indicator of customer attractiveness of competitors market offerings. Based on the trend of interconnect traffic, business directions are made to product development team.4.0 Evaluation of Information SystemIntec Interconnect Billing system (IIBS) may be evaluated from two perspectives a) IS Cost / benefits model and b) DeLone/ McLean model.4.1 Benefits and Costs of IIBSBenefitsAs IIBS is ma inly a transaction processing system, its benefits can be better evaluated using Process Benefits puzzle (Heeks, 2011b). Based on user experiences and discussion with IIBS technical teams (2012), several benefits are being generated from IIBS, along both ability and loadiveness categorises. The below table summaries these benefitsSl.Process BenefitExamples Cited by Stakeholders (Discussion, 2012) 1CheaperIntroduction of IIBS has reduced no. of manpower compulsory to do the task than it was compulsory forwardly by one-third employees. 2MoreIn comparison to previous ad-hoc system, IIBS processes more CDRS while keeping the resources requirement about the same (except storage). 3QuickerIIBS processed about 70 Million CDRs in 6 hours whereas prior system could process only about 50 Million CDRs at the same time.Invoice generation and processing of other party CDRs for the purpose of interconnect dispute resolution has become faster. 4BetterPreviously CDRs were processed through m anual systems. That system lacked consistency in interconnect billing reporting due to its business logic. 5NewIIBS has introduced Graphical user Interface for the clients which help them to generate customized reports on interconnectivity round the clock. Previously, the reporting was made ad-hoc basis as per requirement from Project TeamTable 1 Benefits of Information Systems (Heeks, 2011b)Costs of IIBSCosts of an information system can be deliberate in 03 criteria i) implementation costs measured in financial terms ii) operational costs both financial and unexpected outcomes, and iii) loss of previous operational benefits (Heeks, 2011b).Costs of IIBS in this viewSl.CostExamples Cited by Stakeholders (discussion, 2012)1. murder CostsImplementation of IIBS has cost the organization about 1.2 Million USD as payment to vendor, Intec Systems (IIBS Business Case, 2008). 2.Operational Costs (inc. Problems)IIBS requires about slightly higher (13%) storage for processing of CDRs in comp arison to previous system.3.Previous operational benefits lostIn result of prior billing solutions, modification could be done by internal experts, now change beseech needs to be made with the vendor which is expensive after free service period.Table 2 Costs of Information Systems (Heeks, 2011b)4.2 DeLone McLean Multi-Perspective EvaluationDeLone McLean (1992) have described one of the most popular models of evaluating success of information systems (Heeks, 2011b).Figure 5 Multiple perspectives on IS success/ crumpleure DeLone McLean (1992)DeLone McLean model can be measured suggested by Boddy et al (2005).4.2.1 System QualityThese are the required features and characteristics of the information system (Heeks, 2011b). In the case of IIBS, as per IT experts and users from other business functions (Discussion, 2012), it is reliable, includes enhanced features both in terms of system operation and output generation and the response time is also considerably faster. 4.2.2 Informat ion QualityInformation type concerns the characteristics of the information produced by the system (Heeks, 2011b). In the case of IIBS, outputs generated are (invoices and various reports) are clear to interpret, rather high on completeness to serve intended purposes, and useful and accurate, except a few rare cases. Grameenphone RAFM (Revenue assumption Fraud Management) team validates output of IIBS to be highly satisfactory. 4.2.3 Use and user satisfactionUse and user satisfaction are concerned with the interaction in the midst of the information produced by the system and the recipients (Heeks, 2011b)IIBS, being an intrinsical part of Grameenphones interconnection system, it is used in daily basis for the whole period required to process interconnect CDRs for the concerned day and to serve report requests from cross-functional teams. Information necessary to make a revenue projection or serve regulatory report requests on monthly or ad-hoc basis are served timely basis fro m the system.Users are overall satisfied with IIBS but they would prefer if the system had flexibility of producing further customized reports. Except very few cases, the information required vs. delivered from IIBS had no significant deviation. The Graphical user interface, easy maintenance, easily scalable, and web-based access are few contributing factors to user satisfaction. Software satisfaction is rather high amongst regular users while occasional users found the interface a difficult to use.4.2.4Individual encroachmentIt relates to the fulfilment to which the information produced by the system influences or affects decisions (Heeks, 2011b).Reports generated from IIBS system are kinda helpful to identify any problem in the area of interconnectivity and normally decisions made are correct. These decisions are quite effective also. usually key points are placed to top management weekly basis. Productivity improvement in interconnected areas is remarkable. It allows observi ng trend of interconnection traffic generated and received ant to decide on optimal interconnection capacity, etc.By these measures for other decision issues e.g. market attractiveness of other operators customer charge are not in that brighter side as there are many relevant factors therein.4.2.5 Organisational impactIt measures the effect of the information produced by the system on organisational performance (Heeks, 2011b). Interconnection is a regulatory compliance issue and it also generates revenue of about 100 Mn. USD for Grameenphone (Grameenphone, 2011). Considering this importance of interconnectivity for Grameenphone, it may be concluded that the organizational impact of IIBS is significant. The investments made vs. benefits enjoyed from IBS (e.g. lower processing time, timely invoicing to ensure timely revenue settlement) are in quite positive side.In overall evaluation, IIBS is a successful information system meeting the requirements of stakeholders and also exceeding the costs by benefits in great margin.5.0 Factors for Success of IIBSA large number of information systems fail to achieve the sought after objectives, especially in the developing countries. In this context, success of Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS) in Grameenphone Ltd. is quite remarkable. We can analyse the causes behind the success using 1) IS Implementation Outcome Model (Laudon and Laudon, 2006) and 2) Design-Reality Gap analysis using ITPOSMO (Heeks, 2011c).5.1 Information System Implementation Outcome ModelIn the ninth edition of their book, summary model of information systems success and failure factors were presented by Laudon and Laudon (2006).Figure 6 IS Implementation Outcome Model (Laudon and Laudon, 2006)Applying the model on IIBS, we can come up with following User pursuit and influence In the requirement finalization stage during procurement of interconnection billing system in Grameenphone, actual users were member of the cross functional team and the ir views were taken with great importance. Later, these requirements were used as advert to select the vendor and customization negotiated with them. Management support Required management support was available during implementation of IIBS in Grameenphone.The project team was highly empowered having Chief Information Officer as Project conferrer and other senior managers in the Project Steering Committee. Level of complexity/risk Though IIBS is a high-tech information system, it is highly structured, and the project team had required technical capacities on-board. Management of the implementation process IIBS was endowed with required financial and human resources and proper training sessions was arranged also.5.2 Design-Reality Gap Analysis of IIBSThough IIBS is considered to be a successful information system, the system can be improved in some areas, observations by internal stakeholders (Discussions, 2012). These areas include re-shape the GUI to be more user friendly in pers pectives of non-IT users. cut the storage requirement a bit can directly benefit in terms of providence expensive storage capacity. These can be attributed to the gap between information system design and cosmos i.e. actual implementation of the system (Heeks, 2011c). The propertys of designreality gaps for IIBS can be analysed using ITPOSMO model (Heeks, 2011cFigure 7 Designreality gap model to analyse IS Success/Failure (Heeks, 2011)5.2.1 Information Dimension Gap rate 2.0The system design assumed that the inputs to IIBS (processed CDRs from Mediation server) will always be in right format. But, very occasionally, there were CDRs from mediation in wrong format or missing one or more key fields. These unprocessed CDRs were stored in the error bucket and required special processing by System Engineers later on.5.2.2 Technology Dimension Gap Rating 3.0The technological design contributed to gain buy-in of overall user satisfaction for IIBS. The processing of CDR files was quicke r than previous system. It also contributed in reducing man-hour required to configure and operate the system. But, in the areas of storage requirement and design ofgraphical user interface (GUI), there are gaps between expectation and reality.5.2.3 Process Dimension Gap Rating 3.0The business processes were supportive to desired functioning of IIBS. The system produced invoices and customized reports as desired. Though, there are some requirements to be able to further customize the reporting modules. Sometimes, there are hiccups in generations of output also. 5.2.4 The objectives and values dimensionGap Rating 4.0 purpose to procure IIBS was made by a cross-functional team having relevant experiences and expertise. It was decided to further enrich the system by adding additional features to it so that it can handle settlement for mobile contents/ value added service with the respective content or value added service providers. But, even after 03 years of successful operation of II BS, these additional features have not been included yet (Karim, 2012). It is assumed that potential personal interest may contribute to this non-inclusion of mobile content/ VAS related features to IIBS. Notably, currently these settlements are handled by an IT manager having a team of 05 employees whereas if the features included to IIBS, the whole processing would require no or utmost 01 employee from this team.5.2.5 Staffing and skills Gap Rating 2.0The organization had competent staff experienced with configuration, operation, maintenance of interconnect billing systems. Moreover, to get them acknowledged with the naked system, required training was provided by the vendor.5.2.6 Management systems and structures Gap Rating 2.0Introduction of IIBS helped in reducing manpower required to run similar systems previously and following that management hierarchy in IT department was simplified.5.2.7 other resources Gap Rating 2.0In other dimensions, IIBS helped in saving processing time comparison to previous system. With increased efficiency, it contributed in monetary terms as well. 5.2.8 Overall Total gap score is 18 for IIBS. There is an insignificant design-reality gap for the system with none being a possible cause of failure.6.0 purposeGrameenphone Ltd. implemented Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS) for about 4 years (since August, 2008 to till now). The major objectives of the system were to ensure accurate and quicker settlement for interconnection traffic with interconnected operators in a complicated network architecture and resolution of related disputes in timely fashion. It also aimed to generate required customized reports for users from different business functions of the organization and for managers of different organisational levels.In consideration of stakeholder views towards IIBS and its analyses through various theoretical models, the system is an role model of successful information systems. The major contributing factors behin d the success are insignificant gap between design and reality. And creation of this favourable scenario is attributed to good practices of information system implementation e.g. empowered involvement of users, management commitment, and availability of key resources, etc.7.0 References4GBILLING INC., Interconnect Billing Overview Online. operable http//4gbilling.com/interconnect.html Accessed 21 April, 2012 Bocij, Paul, Andrew Greasley and Simon Hickie (2008) Business Information Systems Technology, phylogeny and Management, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Boddy, D., Boonstra, A. Kennedy, G. (2005) Managing Information Systems An Organisational Perspective, 2nd edn, Pearson Education Limited, London BTRC, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (2008) ILDTS Policy-2007 Online.Availablehttp//www.btrc.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=153Itemid=259 Accessed 10 April, 2012 BTRC, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (2008) Mobile Phone Subscribers in Bangladesh Online. Available

Similarities and differences between monopolies and oligopolies Essay Example for Free

Similarities and differences between monopolies and oligopolies EssayAccording to Mankiw, N. G. (2004) monopolies and oligopolies can be defined as Monopolies are based on a grocery where there are several buyers but only one seller of a crossing or service whereby the seller sets the value for products and service provided. Oligopolies are based on a market where there a few companies own or control the production of a product or service whereby the few companies control the market of products and services provided. Differences Monopolies have only one seller. Oligopolies have at least two or more sellers. Monopolies allege only one product or service. Oligopolies offer more than one good or service. In monopolies the seller can set the price without competition. In oligopolies the sellers set prices based on competitor prices. Monopolies usually exceed fringy profits. Oligopolies usually meet marginal profits. Monopolies are unable to achieve any level of profit they want due to high prices that nullify consumer purchases.Oligopolies have a better chance of achieving the level of profit desired because prices are lowered to ensnare consumer purchases. Monopolies usually have no close substitute for products or services offered. Oligopolies usually have a small number of close substitutes for products or services offered. Similarities both(prenominal) monopolies and oligopolies consist of large organizations Both monopolies and oligopolies constrain considerable market control over specific products and services. Both monopolies and oligopolies hold specific copyrights for products and services provided.Both monopolies and oligopolies are affected by increased production in the fact that higher production reduces the price of products and services. Both monopolies and oligopolies are able to achieve a monopoly on production id specific products or services under copyright. Both monopolies and oligopolies impact the production and sale of products and services.HOW WOULD YOU CLASSIFY MICROSOFT? I would consider Microsoft to be an oligopoly high society because there are several other companies that offer similar products.However, given that Microsoft holds copyrights to specific software such(prenominal) as Microsoft word, Microsoft Visio, and so forth O do conceptualise that they are moving closet to suitable a monopoly company.HOW WOULD YOU CLASSIFY THE POWER INDUSTRY IN YOUR AREA? EXPLAIN YOUR REASONING. My first thought was that the index finger company in my area (Hampton, Virginia) would be a monopoly. However, after some research I believe that the power industry in Hampton, Virginia would be considered an oligopoly because there are several different companies offering the resembling services.According to Google (n. d. ) some examples of local companies offering similar services include but are non limited to Dominion Virginia Power www. dom. com Jacqui Electric Company www. jacquie. com. au Bay Electric Co. Inc. www. bayelectricco. com.References Mankiw, N. G. (2004). _Principles of economics_ (3rd ed. ). Chicago, IL Thomson South-Western. Google (n. d. ). topical anesthetic business results for electric company near Hampton, VA. Retrieved February 6, 2008, form http//www. google. com/search? sourceid=navclientie=UTF-8rlz=1T4ADBR_enUS207US207q=electric+company+hampton+VA.

The International Civil Servant in Law and in Fact Essay Example for Free

The International Civil Servant in Law and in Fact Essay sum-up The article presents an issue that is of great significance to all nations. It notes a statement made by head Krushchev, which states, while there are neutral countries, there are no neutral men. This statement seems to quarrel the stability of planetary permanent organs, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations. The article traces the history of the presentation called as international accomplished utility, and recalls that the Covenant of the League of Nations did not originally contemplate a secretariat of an international character. Thus, there was, initially, a need to hire people from different nations in order to conceptive that interests of such nations are represented in the body and that no one nation could have a monopoly in providing material to the international body. The first Secretary-General of the League, Sir Eric Drummond, first expressed the principle of an international secret ariat. For him, those men and women to be appointed by the Secretary-General should be carefully selected, because upon assumption to power, they would no longer represent the complianceive countries of which they were citizens rather, they would give out international civil retainers. Their duties would already be international in character, and they fashion the servants of the League of Nations. International civil service is characterized by three major ideas. First, it has an international composition. Second, international civil servants have international responsibilities. Third, the international Secretariat is an administrative organ that must avoid partisanship. Similar to the concept of civil service in United Kingdom, the civil servant is a neutral officer, who must be separate and distinct from some other officer who is authorized to misrepresent the governmental decisions. Another relevant characteristic of the international civil service is independence. This cha racteristic, together with international responsibility, bars an international civil servant from receiving instructions from a State. Conversely, states and governments are enjoined to respect such independence and international responsibility of the Secretariat. These principles, which have been mostly free-baseed on the experience of the League of Nations, found expression in various formulations of the UN pick out. These principles have not been easy to maintain. Article 99 of the UN call for had caused quite a stir when it opened the door towards the exercise of political dainty by the Secretary-General, depraved to the long settled nature of his power as purely administrative. The problem with the nature of the power of the Secretary-General arose with the comprehension of new provisions in the subscribe of the United Nations that have broken away from the principles set frontward in the Covenant of the League of Nations. One such provision can be found in Article 97 of the carry, which places the Secretary-General to the position of chief administrative officer of the Organization.This provision is a big natural spring for the Charter, as this station had not been expressly provided in the Covenant. If at all, the office of the Secretary-General rested on implied open of powers, and not as explicit as Article 97. Thus, this provision mandated that the Secretary-General administer the Organization this removed the discretion of the principal organs to merely legate such power to the Secretary-General. Other original provisions of the Charter are found in Articles 98 and 99. Far from the questions raised by Article 97, these provisions prescribe the very nature of the office of the Secretary-General to controversy. Article 98 mandates that the Secretary-General shall act in such capacity during the meetings of the organs. However, it adds that he shall perform such other live ons as are entrusted to him by these organs. This provision clear ly allows the organs to delegate some of their functions to the Secretary-General, which functions, in all likelihood, would be political in nature. This provision therefore opens the door to the acquisition of a political role by the Secretary-General. Article 99 then opens the floodgates to more controversial issues. This provision allows the Secretary-General to bring matters to the attention of the Security Council. More importantly, it gives the Secretary-General the power to conduct inquiries and engage in informal diplomatic activity in regard to matters which may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security. Such discretional powers certainly convert the nature of the office of the Secretary-General from a neutral administrative office to a political one. Despite these developments, it is believed that the post of the Secretary-General remains a neutral one, provided that disinterest is defined as freedom from the figure out of national interests and press ures. The conflict is therefore reconciled by viewing the political powers of the Secretary-General as having an international, and not a national, basis. Other conflicts, such as the inevitable effect of national interest on the appointed provide of the Secretary-General likewise arose to test the neutrality of the Secretariat. Nevertheless, history proved that the United Nations succeeded in keeping its civil servants accountable to the Organization alone and not to their respective nations. The international civil servant sure has a pack resting on his shoulders. He is expected to remain unaffected by national pressures. He must make sure that sympathies and antipathies do not cloud his judgment. Thus, his only standard when performing his duties is whether his actions are guided by the goals and rules set by the Organization he serves.Questions and DiscussionsWhat is the issue discussed in the article? The article discussed the issue of neutrality of the office of the Secreta ry-General. It discussed the development of the position from the time it was conceptualized in the Covenant of the League of Nations up to the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations. The article discussed how the recent additions to the UN Charter affected the initially neutral and solely administrative function of the Secretary-General. The article likewise discussed how the seeming contradiction can be reconciled so that the provisions of the Charter would not contradict each other.How does the UN Charter maintain the neutrality of international civil servants? The UN Charter mandates that appointees of the Secretary-General become internationally responsible officials to the Organization, and no longer to their respective countries. The Charter recognizes that international civil servants should not be neuters who are unaware and apathetic of the concerns of their nations however, the Charter demands that such concerns be disregarded when the international civil servant a cts in the performance of his office.ReferencesHammarskjold, D. (1961). The International Civil Servant in Law and in Fact.

Post Mortem results and findings of the entire project Essay Example for Free

Post Mortem results and findings of the entire project EssayThis MEMO leave behind cover the benefits and drawbacks of a Post Mortem review. It will notify in all who are going to be compulsory to partake in the final review meeting. It will also go over what we hope to perk after the termination of the project.Post Mortem Review Pros and ConsProsGives an unbiased review of the projects life.Enables project double-decker to analyze the findings of the review and improve on certain aspects in the next project that postulate attention. Gives a good perspective of everything that was accomplished. This enables the team and manager to feel a sense of pride and satisfaction from gambol well done. Once the review has been analyzed, it enables the project to officially come to a close.ConsHard to ensure all key players, stakeholders, and managers come across the meeting during such an early time of the newly integrated systems life. Personnel Required to AttendCertain people wi thin the company are expected to attend the post mortem review meeting either in person, or by telephone conference. These people embroil all of the managers who attended the training and were involved throughout this project. Stakeholders, owners, top officers, the project team, and the developers of the new system need to be in attendance.HopesThe project team and manager hope to discover the followingThe overall victor of the project.Any downfalls or shortcomings that came up.The owners opinions of the end result.The managers opinions.The developers notes on how well the managers were trained.The thoughts of the project team and how they feel improvement could be made.

Legacies of colonialism in the world today Essay Example for Free

Legacies of colonialism in the existence today EssayThe colonization of one republic by an some other is rampant through out history. One inelegant invades and subdues a nonher, extending its sovereignty over the said country or territory for various reasons. Mainly, it is to use the resources of the invaded territory in order to enrich and strengthen itself. As early as the 16th Century, various empires were colonizing nations and territories all over the world. The Lusitanian, cut, Japanese, British and Spanish were all out to enlarge their territories and empires.When the age of colonialism was finally over, many another(prenominal) of the colonized pack found that there way of demeanor had changed. Their colonizers had left legacies, both good and bad. Three atomic number 18as were the legacy of colonization is felt potently argon economic development, civilization development and cultural trans haomaation. 2. 0 Economic Development Prior to colonization, the inn ate people of any country traded mostly with the surrounding peoples.Most of it was a barter trade that was aimed at making sure there was an even distribution of resources among the people. When the colonizers invaded the countries, they came in search of what resources they could use to enrich their let country, often at the expense of the natives. They looked at agriculture, what crops would easily grow in the region based on the climate of the colony that would satisfy the demands of the people in their home country. They withal looked at the natural resources and minerals unattached in the said colony.In so doing, the colonizers dominated trade, trade routes and even products that could be traded. In the fifteenth Century Portuguese ships were exploring Africa, Asia and the Americas. Henry the Navigator was pursuing trade in gold and break ones backs on the West African coast, Bartolomeu Dias was discovering the Cape of Good Hope on the Southern tip of Africa, and Vasco da Gama reached India (Portuguese Empire). Islands handle Madagascar, discovered by Trista da Cunha, did not escape.In all these places they established trading posts and fortresses, moving aggressively in their quest to dominate. They took over the ports and controlled trade in the bordering oceans. brazil-nut tree, discovered in the division 1500 by Pedro Alvares Cabral, work Portugals most important colony. The Portuguese were able to get gold, sugar cane, coffee, precious stones as head as other cash crops from Brazil (Portuguese Empire). 2. 1 Trade in Brazil The economic rachis of present day Brazil is still agriculture, mining and manufacturing.Having discovered the importance of their natural resource during the computer error of colonization, Brazils economy has been doing very well with a GDP per capita of US$ 10,300 estimated in the year 2008 (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009) With the rise of the sugar industry in Brazil established by the Portuguese, it became appa rent that there was a great need for labour to ensure that the crop received the needed attention. This gave rise to a new form of international trade with a new product, African knuckle downs.Diagram 1 knuckle down Trade Routes Source University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http//www. unc. edu/wrc/maps/08-Map. png Using their connections in Africa, Portuguese slave traders imported slaves by the millions to meet the demand for labour in the sugar woodlets (Portuguese colonization). It is important to scar though, that slave trade had began way before the need ever arose in Brazil, by the year 1470, the capital of Portugal, Lisbon, was already a major slave port.The rise of coffee plantations in the 19th century further increase the demand for slaves. There were other advantages to Portugal in businesses that were associated with the slave trade. These included the trade of Portuguese commodities that were traded and exchanged for slaves as well as goods produced by the slav es. In this period the Portuguese imported approximately three and a half million slaves (Slave routes, 2009). Due to this importation of slaves as well as the immigration into Brazil of other cultures, native Brazilians today are a minority.Of the approximately 180 Million Brazilians, 55% are Europeans principally from Portugal, 38% are of mixed African and European descent, 6% are African and 1% are classified as other, which includes Amerindian (Brazil demographic profile). 2. 2 Introduction of new cash crops and plants. When the Portuguese came to Brazil they started the plantation method that had worked very well so far in their African colonies. This plantation method go on even after they left and is still in effect in Brazil today.Seeing as it is the worlds largest producer of coffee, sugar cane, orange juice frozen concentrate and tropical fruit, it is favourable to understand why they have kept the plantation method all these years. Additionally, Brazil is also the worl ds largest producer of beef, with 170 million head of cattle. Among the other cash crops produced by Brazil are soybeans, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, corn as well as forest products (US Department of State, 2009). Many plants were introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese when they came to colonize.Mangoes were among them, introduced to Brazil in the 1700s (Tropical fruits). They also introduced rice and coffee, which was introduced in the 1600s and became the major cash crop of Brazil by the 1800s. Additionally, they brought sugarcane from South East Asia in the late 16th Century. Furthermore, the dende palm tree, whose oil is apply in making most Brazilian foods was also introduced from Africa in the early 17th century and with it came risque peppers as well. Another plant introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese is okra, used in many Brazilian dishes today (Hamilton, 2005).It is therefore clear that Brazil owes a lot to their Portuguese colonizers who taught them how to farm by introdu cing the plantation method, introduced many plants and cash crops that are now the backbone of the Brazilian economy, and brought racial diversity to the country that in twist around has created links to many parts of the world. 3. 0 Civilization Development Civilization development is tied in with human development. In many of the colonized territories, though the people had empires already in place, they were not literate, did not written laws or medical facilities.The colonizers brought these aspects to the colonized territories. However, in the process of bringing in their civilized ways, they erased much of the indigenous culture found there. 3. 1 French West Africa Much of West Africa was colonized by the French with a port set up in Senegal in 1659. By the early 1900s, countries kindred Mali, Benin, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Niger and Guinea were under French rule. They were French subjects and were used in forced labor as well as imprisonment in a bid by the Fren ch to expand and verify their interests.Agriculture was the main economic sector and they farmed cotton and peanuts where the climate allowed. They encouraged migration by the natives to areas where these plantations existed by touting them as wage-earning areas (Ali-Dinar). This is a legacy that has remained and pervaded all of Africa, with people in the countryside migrating to the cities in search of jobs. This has led to the understructure of issues related to urban cities such as the creation of slums as low income housing, vices like prostitution as well as high crime rates.By the year 1960 all French West African countries were independent (Ali-Dinar). Diagram 2 French West Africa Source Earlham College http//www. earlham. edu/%7Emodelun/images/gif/west-africa. gif 3. 2 Legacy in giving medication in Senegal Prior to the French Colonization of Senegal, the Wolof Empire was ruling. It was ruled by a King who also doubled up as a religious ruler. The Portuguese, who had alr eady been in Senegal before the French, had a inversely beneficial trade partnership with these people before the French came on the scene.(Wolof Empire, 2009). After they were colonized, the Senegalese people took a new form of Government that was introduced by the French. Even after the French were gone, that same form of government remained. Along with it, laws that had been laid down by the French stayed as well. In so doing, the traditional rulership of the Senegalese people was erased and the new form, which was very French, took over. The constitution, created in 1963, backs up a civilian government that has an executive branch, a judiciary that is independent and a discipline Assembly.In addition to these, the Senate, which is also legislative, was formed in 1999 (Diajayette). The president has the power to elect his Prime minister and together they elect the Council of Ministers who serve as the cabinet. The National assembly is made up of 140 members while the Senate is made up of 60. Of the 60 in the Senate, 45 are elected to office by local government officials and members of the National assembly, 12 are presidential elections, and Senegalese citizens in the Diaspora have the privilege of electing 3.Senegal is divided into 10 regions that are ruled by a governor. In regards to the Judiciary, Senegal has four courts above the level of tribunals and lower courts. These are the Council of State, the High Court, the Supreme Court and the innate Council (Profile-Senegal). In addition to taking on French law and government as the basis of the countries executive, legislative and judicial system, the Senegalese also took on the French education system. Prior to colonization, there were no stately schools of any kind.Today the system includes primary, secondary and tertiary education. Senegal has six national languages and one official language, French (Bruhn, 1984). French is also the language of instruction in tertiary institutions although the Sene galese are undertaking incline lessons as well. 3. 3 Formal Education in Senegal Along with the introduction to formal education that assailable the Senegalese up to the rest of the world, there was an introduction to medicine. Whereas previously the sick would visit a temptress doctor or a medicine man, now they have access to modern medicine.It is important to note that as the colonizers traveled, they brought with them diseases that the natives had no immunity against. As such, many of them died from these diseases since they did not have a cure for the same. This went a long way in causing the defeat of the natives, especially in the Americas where a small pox outbreak would kill almost whole colonies. The diseases brought by the colonizers included chicken pox, typhus, dysentery, measles, cherry fever, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery (Eddins). The legacies of colonialism in government, education and medicine have been beneficial and far reaching.