The Scale and Diversity of the Hospitality Industry

The Scale and Diversity of the Hospitality sedulousnessThe Hospitality Industry is one of the most vast and fast growing Industries in the World. Its application is known to provide improvements like providing nourishment, beverages and accommodation. Some describe trick titles in this vast fabrication that help run it atomic number 18 namely Accommodation manager, Catering manager, Conference centre manager, Event organizer, Fast food restaurant manager, Hotel manager, Public house manager, eating house chain field of study manager, Restaurant manager. To get a job in this field the employer may dig some(prenominal) facts like ones agone education and personal aspects like Personality, accordance in work, a keen attitude, a friendly nature, a willingness to work, confidence, clear appearance, cleanliness, personal hygiene, over all personality, ability to provide customer service efficiency and honesty at work.Apart from world one of the highest rated and desire in dustries to start a profession in The Hospitality Industry in any case offers equality among all. From a survey done by The INTERNATINAOL JOURNAL OF cordial reception MANAGEMENT, Volume 16,Issue 2, June 1997, pages 161-179, read an article stating EQUAL OPPERTUNITIS FOR WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN THE HOSPITALITY application A COMPARISONBETWEEN FRANCE, ITALY SPAIN AND THE UK by Jean Burrell, Simon Etta Manfred and Hilary Rollin.The article stated how the Hospitality industry in the UK offers equal posts for women as sound as men disregarding of their cast, race and so onThe industry of cordial reception has been a great offset all over the world in generating employment. The Hospitality industry is a large employer to many ethnic minorities all over the world. The Industry makes a major part of its earnings from several sources one of the main sources being the foreign exchange earnings. Tourism being one of the main segments of the hospitality industry it very important to know abo ut its aspects for the growth and the reach of the hospitality industry.Chris Cooper the author of the book Contemporary Tourism Reviews verbalise that the, touristry industry rotter be defined as a whole range of individuals, businesses, organizations and places which combine in some way to allow a travel experience.The hospitality industry can be claimed to be the most elaborate working sector in the market today. It is act in practically every field and everyplace. Be it schools, colleges, hotels, prisons, airports, stations and so onThe Hospitality Industry consists of a very broad category of discordant fields within the industry itself also, Such as Restaurants bars selling salesHuman resourcesHousekeepingTravel agenciesTourism management wait officeHotels/Lodging etcThe hospitality industry has contributed in many ways to the betterment of the society. These may include an increase in disposable incomes, religious offering more time for leisure activities, easier and cheaper ways to travel as a result of an improved style of living.These contributions made by the hospitality industry are significant and wide-ranging. Production and service, leisure service, large as salutary as small-scale employments are some factors that are contributed by the hospitality industry.Catering and the hotel industry are known as one of the quick growing industries in the world today. They are not only the key element of the tourism department but also a bulky donor towards bringing in foreign currency.From one of the surveys conducted by THE British HOSPITALITY ASSOCIATION, 2004 overseas visitors spent close to 12 billion pounds of a total value of 76 billion pounds which was the total amount of the tourism (2003)Millions of people like to have a quick snack or prefer having meals near their place of work or study, this is possible by a large contribution of cafs, restaurants, public houses etc.PRESS RELEASEUNITED ground RESTAURANTS grocery store RESERCH news reportRELEASED IN MARCH 2009MBDs REPORT after researching the restaurants market in the UNITED KINGDOM and also pickings into account other factors the following report was made by MBD.MARKET REVIEW 2004 2008In the year 2008 the restaurants industry in the UK had faced a decline of 3% (around 5373 million) this is due to a descending pressure on restaurant turnover caused by an increase in frugal qualms. as well as there was a downfall in consumer spending due to lift cost of food.From 2004 2007 there was an early increase in the sales resulting to a growth in the industry every year .MARKET consider 2009 2013Fats food, take away, pick and go services, in-house supply facilities are a what is more huge contribution towards improvement In standard of living, offering discretionary income which is enjoyed by a huge majority of people which was only constrained just to the affluent in the society.Being one of the fastest expanding sectors of the economy, the hospitali ty industry solely stands as a multi billion and growing industry. It offers so much accompanied with entertainment, food, accommodation etc, and unlimited opportunity.The industry is so immense, that it offers different people a various number of job opportunities to chose from in their area of interest all within the same industry.Common features involved in the hospitality management are planning, directing, organizing and controlling of material as well as human resources within the lodging, travel and tourism, restaurant, institutional management, recreational management. all in all of these are separate yet related segments of the same industry mutualist on each other to provide service to the guest.There are various Sectors within the Hospitality industry it self, such as viands and BeverageLodgingRecreationTravelTourismTHE CLASSIFICATION dustThe Classification System can be based on a various number of things depending on the Food service, size and additional facilitie s etc.Mostly all major departments are also sub shared out in to other sub divisions so as to cater to proper(postnominal) needs and also offer a large variety of options to occupy from allowing one to choose exactly what is demanded and also helps to compare and contrast amidst several options.FOOD AND BEVERAGEThe food and beverage industry can also be stated as the backbone of the hospitality sector. crack food and beverage services from sectors as small as a pub at the corner to a 5 star club. From a small caf with a preset menu to a gigantic supply company serving more than a 1000 people a day. The Food and beverage industry has undergone many changes over the past long time depending on the factors of continual evolution in global market forces, changes in consumer preferences, regulation proposed by the government, which are making direct effects on the change in manufacturing strategies around the world.Major and familiar names such as MC DONALDS, COCA COLA, STARBUCKS E TC can be found most everywhere in the world proving the fact how the industry had expanded during the past half century. The growth in the food and beverage industry has brought an economic boom to many nations such as CHINA, INDIA, BRAZIL, and VIETNAM.The FOOD AND BEVERAGE exertion can be further sub-classified into many smaller groups such asBARS AND TAVERNSCATTERINGFAST FOODFRANCHISESGENRAL FOOD SERVICE AND HOSPITALITY readily SERVICEVENDINGTAKE OUT/AWAY AND DELIVERY functionFIVE STAR HOTEL reviewer http//www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http//www.upgradetravelbetter.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/versace-A LODGEREFhttp//www.google.co.uk/images?hl=enbiw=1440bih=679gbv=2tbs=isch%3A1sa=1q=lodgeaq=faqig10aqloqDifferent segments of HospitalityCateringThere are several types of catering naming a fewWedding food cateringCorporate CateringBuffet CateringAla carte Catering caller CateringCommercial CateringTypes Of Full service HotelsConvention Hotel extravagance HotelResort HotelExten ded-Stay HotelTypes Of Limited service HotelsLimited-service HotelsBudget HotelsSpecialty AccommodationsConference CentersLodges bed-and-breakfastHostelCampgroundsInstitutional HousingDormitorySenior Housing

Muscle Contraction Electrical

Muscle abridgment ElectricalExperiment 5 Muscle Structure and Function cornerstone Muscles are found almost any parts of our body. They can be classified in to 2 types (smooth ponderousness and striated muscle) based on their sound structure and functions. The function unit of muscle cells is called sarcomere. The mechanism of all muscles contraction is broadly speaking the same that is based on the sliding-filament theory involving the interaction of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.Muscles are very important in locomotion, eating process, sound p roduction and etcetera different types and patterns of electrical signals will result in different muscle contraction.The aim of this experiment is to study the muscle contractions when applying electrical signal to a nervous system. The sciatic heart and soul of the frog was electrically fixd to mimicker the physiological trains of action potentials traveling down the nerve and its innervated muscle. When sciatic nerve w as stimulated electrically, it depolarized and generates an action potential which passing along the nerve to gastrocnemius muscle muscle through neuromuscular junction. Gastrocnemius muscle depolarized by the accounting entry electrical signal and contracted in respond. As a result, the gastrocnemius muscle that located on the upper legs of frog will contract. By adjusting the intensity and frequency of stimulation, the contraction pattern of a single twitch, blase summation, tetanus and fatigue of muscle were examined.Procedure Please refer to the laboratory manual P.54- P.62, exceptIn part C, students are not demand to do single twitch.2. P.62 Part D Step 8 = stimulate the muscle with electrode (not the clamp)Precaution1. Dont touch the nerve with metal (use the glass rod instead), otherwise, no electrical currentRinse nerve and muscle with knockoff water regularly to keep them alive.Leave enough muscle for femur clamp to hold the sample.Dont damage the nerve.ResultPart A exclusive muscle twitch

Factors to Develop a Doctor-Patient Relationship

Factors to Develop a Doctor-Patient RelationshipPatients and Health look at Professionals need to communicate almost many a(prenominal) various aspects of health and affection. With reference to a specific example, outline the agentive roles that the health professionals would need to learn when preparing to discuss this issue with a unhurried.The checkup exam interview is turn overed to be one of the or so important phases in the c be of a long-suffering (Bennet, 1979 Beck et al., 2001). Especially in long term illnesses, health c ar professionals have a close family relationship with their longanimouss the main reason is because of the constitution of this relationship itself, as they are both involved in illness in their own different offices (Bennet, 1979 Ong et al., 1995 Pendleton Hasler, 1983 Molleman et al., 1984 Morrison, 1994 Usherwood, 1999). Through this relationship, health professionals and patients are constantly exchanging tuition (Ong et al., 1 995 Morrison, 1994 Usherwood, 1999) patients are the ones who experience illness and discomfort, and are want for both care (feeling that health care professionals know and understand them) and be cured _or_ healed (need to define the health problem), (Stimson Webb, 1975 Usherwood, 1999 Ong et al., 1995), whereas health professionals are the ones with the intimacy, experience and the ability to athletic back uper patients (Bennet, 1979 Messer Meldrum, 1995 Usherwood, 1999). Therefore, atomic number 101s and patients are interdependent and influence each other during their interactions (Stimson Webb, 1975 Bennet, 1979 Ong et al., 1995 Pendleton Hasler, 1983 Leigh Reiser, 1985).In battle array to have a functional doctor-patients relationship, an effective health check reference work and snap off health outcomes, good communication between physicians and patients is required (Ong et al., 1995 Stewart, 1995). As look into indicates, the need for good communication is gr eater when it is between physicians and patients with fatal medical examination unhealthinesss, such as poopcer (Molleman et al., 1984 Ong et al., 1995 Ong et al., 1999). Therefore, health professionals role is even to a greater extent important, since they lead need to be nimble for the audience. Before their meeting, both patients and health care professionals have expectations and anticipations for the address and of course are preparing for their hardihood to face interaction (Stimson Webb, 1975 Leigh Reiser, 1985). Health professionals have several subjects to consider and be prompt for, earlier any ratcer consultation, such as medical development that need to be discussed during their interaction with cancer patients, tho also factors that whitethorn influence their between interaction and communication (Stimson Webb, 1975 Faulkner Maguire, 1994).To begin with, the first factor that health care professionals should consider and be arranged for, before the mee ting, is the patients aroused state, which can affect both the course and outcome of a consultation (Faulkner Maguire, 1994). The patients irritability is influenced by numerous factors, such as their current medical correct and experience of illness, their personal training, such as age, culture, education or even the received support from their social networks (Faulkner Maguire, 1994 Suinn VandenBos, 2000 Lin et al., 2003). Bearing all these factors in mind, physicians should understand that working with cancer patients can be challenging and emotionally baffling (Faulkner Maguire, 1994).Although physicians cannot foresee their patients mood for their upcoming consultation, they can be prepared for different scenarios and think of different strategies of how to professionally handle difficult situations and even provide the best quality care (Faulkner Maguire, 1994). First of all, one of the most difficult aspects when consulting with a patient is the breaking of no-co unt news or having to answer difficult questions, for example questions regarding life expectancy and death (Buckman, 1984 Faulkner Maguire, 1994). When communicate cancer patients about the severity of their condition, the amount of information to be share with the cancer patient, depends on the patient himself, for example, cancer patients are a great deal unconscious of their condition or patient does not want to be conscious about the severity of his/hers condition (Faulkner Maguire, 1994 Maguire, 1999). Nevertheless, the approach which is used to present bad news to the cancer patient, is extremely important, since it can influence not nevertheless their way of manage with the psychological impact of the cancer, but also it can influence their future adjustment to both the cancer and the treatment (Fallowfield et al., 1990). agree to Fujimori and Uchitomi (2009), when patients receive bad news, they want afterwards, their physicians to be supportive as this can help th em relieve their emotional distress. Therefore, it is important for health care professionals to consider whether their patient would like to know about the severity of their condition and be prepared not lone(prenominal) to inform their patients but also to get word to their concerns and support them.Furtherto a greater extent, when patients are dealing with a new unknown and hence frightening situation, they are hoping that through the consultation their need for information will be covered and that they would be able to ask questions and get answers from their physician (Molleman et al., 1984 Faulkner Maguire, 1994). Most of the times, the questions asked from cancer patients are awkward and oft reflect the patients fears and worries, but also indicate that the patient is thinking and is troubled by the sentiment of death (Faulkner Maguire, 1994). Even though answering these difficult questions can be challenging for health care professionals, it is important to make sure that patients need for information is established. Giving information to cancer patients, is an indicant that physician is paying attention and understands their needs, and therefore help reduce feelings of hesitancy and fear (Molleman et al., 1984).Another difficult situation which health care professionals must(prenominal) be prepared to face is their patients psychological mood (Faulkner Maguire, 1994). It is very common that cancer patients whitethorn be withdrawn and often overwhelmed with feelings of hopelessness and helplessness or even experience anger, which is often a form of defense mechanism (Maguire et al. 1993 Faulkner Maguire, 1994). However, it is essential that patients psychological condition is assessed if it is consider dangerous for the patients condition (Maguire et al. 1993 Faulkner Maguire, 1994). more(prenominal)over, before meeting with cancer patients, practitioners need to check in mind that they both arrive at the meeting with different knowledge and skills (Leigh Reiser, 1985). During consultations physicians may use medical jargon, which is difficult to be silent by cancer patients (Bennet, 1979 Leigh Reiser, 1985). According to Leigh and Reiser (1985), there is the risk that patients may uprise to their own conclusions through what they believe they heard or what they understood physicians told them. As a result, the use of medical definitions may lead to unwanted non-communication and misinterpretation between physicians and patients (Leigh Reiser, 1985 Fallowfield Jenkins, 1999 Chapman et al., 2003).Even when patients are properly informed about their conditions, and their options, it is often difficult for the patients to remember all the information they were disposed(p), imputable to the complexness of these information (Kessels, 2003). As mention by Kessels (2003), the use of written language may help improve to remember and better understand the information given during a consultation. Therefore, it would b e useful if health care professionals have prepared or found some leaflets or even written refine essential information and instruction (when medication is required), that may help their patients. Thus, health professionals need to be prepared to explain the condition to the patient and be as specific as achievable, with the use of nontechnical language, but much than importantly to ensure that their patient has understood and has received sufficient information (Leigh Reiser, 1985 Faulkner Maguire, 1994 Ong et al., 1995).Furthermore, health care professionals do not interact and talk only to their patients most of the times during a consultation a member of the family or a close friend are also present to support the cancer patient but also to get information about the condition of their loved ones (Labrecque et al., (1991) Delvaux et al., 2005). Even though family and friends can influence the way a patient understands and experiences illness (Usherwood, 1999 Delvaux et al., 2005) and are usually involved in decision making, their opinions and views are often not considered (Dowsett et al., 2000). However, with the possibility of the presence of a coitus, health care professionals need to consider how the course and outcome of the consultation may be affected, as well as how to treat possible unwanted behavior on behalf of the relative. There are only a few studies, examining the possible negative effects of the presence of a relative during a cancer consultation. Though, a research conducted by Labrecque et al., (1991) showed that, cancer patients who had a consultation with a family member present were less satisfied with that meeting.Furthermore, physicians are often unable to handle a three person consultation, due to the difficulties that arise from this situation (Delvaux et al., 2005), as it requires special skills that are difficult to work and the interaction is often more stressful than a normal doctor-patient consultation (Bragard et al., 2006). When a relative is present, the health care professional has to consider not only the needs of the cancer patients but the needs of the relative as well (Delvaux et al., 2005 Lienard et al., 2008). As the research by Labrecque et al., (1991) showed, when a family member was present, consultations lasted overnight and the health care professionals were likely to share more information, however they showed more emotional support to cancer patients when they were not accompanied by a relative. Even though each consultation differs and may require more time, these findings show the need for consistency in the information giving (always match to the needs of the patient) and support provided to the cancer patient, regardless the presence of a relative. It essential, before the consultation, for the physician to be prepared to share information, consult and be supportive, whether his patient is alone or not.To conclude with, the communication and consultation between health care professionals and cancer patients are challenging and often emotionally difficult for both (Faulkner Maguire, 1994 Bragard et al., 2006). Though, health professionals are trained and have acquired both knowledge and skills to cope with difficulties, they might face while working with cancer patients (Faulkner Maguire, 1994). More research can be conducted, in order to examine the complexity of the doctor-patient relationship and how it is affected by the patients psychological condition or the presence of a relative, how the patients benefit from a good doctor-patient relationship and an effective consultation and finally how the health care professionals can prepare for consultation with cancer patients.REFERENCESBragard, I., Razavi,, D., Marschal, S., Delvaux, N., Libert, Y., Reynaert, C., Boniver, J., Klatstersky, J., Scalliet, P., Etienne, A. M., (2006). Teaching communication and stress management skills to secondary physicians dealing with cancer patients a Belgian Interuni versity Curriculum. Support Care cancer, 14, 454-461.Beck, R. S., Daughtridge, R., Sloane, P. D., (2002). Physician-Patient chat in the Primary Care Office A systematic Review. ledger of the American Board of Family Practice, 15, 25-38.Bennet, G., (1979). Patients and their doctors The journey through medical care. capital of the United Kingdom Bailliere Tindall.Buckman, R., (1984). happy chance bad news why is it still so difficult? British aesculapian diary, 288, 1597-1599.Chapman, K., Abraham, C., Jenkins, V., Fallowfield, L., (2003). Lay arrangement of Terms used in Cancer Consultation. Psycho-Oncology, 12, 557-566.Delvaux, N., Merckaert, I., Marchal, S., Libert, Y., Conradt, S., Boniver, J., Etienne, A. M., Fontaine, O., Janne, P., Klastersky, J., Melot, C., Reynaert, C., Scalliet, P., Slachmuylder, J. L., Razavi, D., (2005). Physicians conference with a cancer patient and a relative. Cancer, 103(11), 2397-2411.Dowsett, S. M., Saul, J. L., Buttow, P. N., Dunn, S. M., Boyer, M. J., Findlow, R., Dunsmore, J., (2000). Communication styles in the cancer consultation Preferences for a patient-centered approach. Psycho-Oncology, 9, 147-156.Fallowfield, L. J., Hall, A., Maguire, G. P., Baum, M., (1990). Psychological Outcomes of different treatment policies in women with early breast cancer outside a clinical trial. BMJ, 301,575-580.Fallowfield, L., Jenkins, V., (1999). efficacious Communication skills are the Key to Good Cancer Care. European Journal of Cancer, 35(11), 1592-1597.Faulkner, A., Maguire, P., (1994). Talking to Cancer Patients and their Relatives. Oxford Oxford University Press.Fujimori, M., Uchitomi, Y., (2009). Preferences of Cancer Patients regarding communication of bad news A systematic literature review. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 39(4), 201-216.Kessels, R. P. C., (2003). Patients memory for medical information. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 219-222.Labrecque, M. S., Blanchard, C. G., Ruckdeschel, J . C., Blanchard, E. B., (1991). The impact of family presence on the physician-cancer patient interaction. accessible Sciences Medicine, 33(11),1253-1261.Leigh, H., Reiser, M. F., (1985). The Patient Biological, Psychological, and Social Dimensions of Medical Practice (2nd ed.). London Plenum Medical Book Company.Lienard, A., Merckaert, I., Libert, Y., Delvaux, N., Marchal, S., Boniver, J., Etienne, A. M., Klastersky, J., Reynaert, C., Scalliet, P., Slachmuylder, J. L., Razavi, D., (2008). Factors that influence cancer patients and relatives anxiety following a three-person medical consultation impact of a communication skills training program for physicians. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 488-496.Lin, C. C., Lai, Y. L., Ward, S. E., (2003). loading of Cancer Pain on Performance Status, Mood States, and Level of go for Among Taiwanese Cancer Patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 25(1), 29-37.Maguire, P., (1999). Improving Communication with Cancer Patients. European Journal of Cancer,35(10), 1415-1422.Maguire, P., Faulkner, A., Regnard, C., (1993). Managing the anxious patient with advanced disease a flow diagram. Palliative Medicine, 8, 76-81.Messer, D., Meldrum, C., (1995). Psychology for Nurses and Health Care Professionals. London Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.Molleman E., Krabbendam, P. L., Annyas, A. A., Koops, H. S., Sleufer, D. T., Vermey, A., (1984). The Significance of the Doctor-Patient relationship in coping with cancer. Social Sciences Medicine, 18(16), 475-480.Morrison, P., (1994). Understanding Patients. London Bailliere Tindall.Ong, L. M. L., De Haes, J. C. J. M., Hoos, A. M., Lammes, F. B., (1995). Doctor-Patient communication A review of the literature. Social Science Medicine, 40(7), 903-918.Ong, L. M. L., Visser, M. R. M., Lammes, F. B., De Haes, J. C. J. M., (2000). Doctor-Patient communication and cancer patients quality of life and satisfaction. Patient facts of life and Counseling,41, 145-156.Pendleton, D., Hasler , J., (1983). Doctor-Patient Communication. London Academic Press, INC.Stewart, M. A., (1995). Effective Physician-Patient Communication and Health Outcomes A Review. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 152(9), 1423-1433.Stimson, G., Webb, B., (1975). Going to See the Doctor The Consultation plow in General Practice. London Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd.Suinn, R. M., VandenBos, G. R., (2000). Cancer Patients and their Families Readings on unsoundness Course, Coping and Psychological Interventions. Washington DC American Psychological Association.Usherwood, T., (1999). Understanding the Consultation Evidence, Theory and Practice. Buckingham Open University Press.

Constant Pressure Calorimeter for Heat Capacity

Constant Pressure Calorimeter for fondness CapacityKanwarpal BrarPurposeTo calibrate a constant pressure calorimeter and apply it to watch over the stir ups of the reception and dis ascendant of different reactants and to use these horninesss of the reactions to find the henry of a reaction by hesss law.Analysis/ calculationsDetermine the raise up subject of the coffee cup, Ccal in j*degC for all three trials and channelise the average value. Provide all these value in your report cater full calculations only for trial .From sidestep 1 fortune of 1.0 M NaOH upshot apply = 51.67gMass of 1.0 M HCl root use = 50.85g match locoweed of last solution = 102.52gInitial temperature of reagents = 21.3 deg CFinal temperature aft(prenominal) neutralization = 27.8 deg C lovingness absorbed by calorimeter q1 = C (heat capacity)*deltaTHeat abrorbed by soluction Q2 = heat capacity (C) *mass of the solution (m)*deltaTHeat released by neutralization reaction, Q3 = heat of reaction ( delta H)* counterspyes(n)/1moleIn this reaction, Delta T=T2-T1=27.8degC-21.3degC=6.5degCheat capacity of the solution, C=4.02J/g degC (given)mass of the solution, m = 102.52gheat of the reaction, H = -57.3 KJ (given)= -57300 JHCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)Because HCl and NaCl react 11, any one can be used as limiting reagentMolarity of HCl = 1.0 MVolume of HCl = 50.0 ml = 0.0500 LTherefore moles of HCl, n = subity * volume= 1.0 mol/L * 0.0500 L= 0.0500 molIt is assumed that not heat is lost to surrounding E system = 0 JE system = q1 + q2 + q3 = 0JQ1 = -q2 q3C1 * T = -(4.02 J/g degC * 102.52g * 6.5 deg C) (-57300 J * 0.0500 mol/1 mol)C1 * T = -2678.85 J + 2865 JC1 = 186.15 J/ TC1 = 186.15 J/ 6.5 deg CC1 = 28.64 J/ deg C examination 1 = 28.64 J/ deg CTrial 2 = 31.09 J/deg CTrial 3 = 29.48 J/deg CAverage = 29.73 J/deg CDetermine the boilersuit heat of reaction per mole od calcium meatl for the addition of calcium metal.to 1.0 M HCl folloed by the addition of pee supply and b) to weewee folloed by addition of 1.0 M HCl.In each case, treat the overall reaction as a single process, i.e. instead of determining a delta H value for each step, determine .mass of ca = 0.404 g bomber mass of ca = 40.08 g/molmoles of ca, n = mass/molar mass= 0.404 g/ 40.08 g/mol= 0.0100 molMass of water used, m = 50.0 g (1ml = 1g)T = Tfinal T signT = 30.5 21.4 deg C = 9.1 deg C ( table 2)Heat of the reaction per mole = -(q of reaction (Ccal * T))/moles of meatal-(Cwater*m*water*detaT(0*T) /n= -(4.184 J/ degC * 50 * 9.1 degC) /0.0100 mol= -1903.72 J/ 0.0100 mol= -190372 J/mole= -190.372 KJ/moleH = -190.372 KJ/moleb)mass of ca = 0.403gmolar mass of ca = 40.08 g/molemoles of ca = mass/ molar mass= 0.400 g/ 40.08 g/mole= 0.00998 molMass of water used = 50 g (1ml = 1 g)Temperature balance T = Tfinal TinitialT = 30.5 20.3 degC = 10.2 degC (table3)Heat of reaction per mole = -q of reaction (Ccal*T)/mole of metal= -(Cwater*mwater*T-(0*T)/n= -(4.184 J/g degC*50g*10.2 deg)/ 0.009 98mole= -2133.84 J/ 0.00998mole= -213811.62 J/mole= -213.81 KJ/moleH = -213.81 KJ/moleDetermine deltaEdissolution in J (g coarseness) for the unknown salinity for all three trials and calculate the average value. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for trial 1.Unknown table salt = CMass of salt = 4.013gMass of water = 100gMass of solution after reaction = 100g + 4.013g= 104.013gT = Tfinal Tinitial= 27-19.9 degC = 7.1 degCEdissolution = -q of reation= -m*C*T= -4.184 J/g degC*104.013g*7.1= -3089.85 JEdissolution/g salt = -3089.85 J/4.013g= -769.96 J/g saltTrial 1 = -769.96 J/g saltTrial 2 = -769.87 J/g saltTrial 3 = -754.18 J/g saltAverage = -764.67 J/g saltDetermine deltaEdissolution in J (g salt) for six salts in table 1. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for LiCl.Edissolution = Elattice + Ecation hydration + Eanion hydrationEdissolution = 846 KJ/mol + (-506 KJ/mol) + (-377 KJ/mol) from tableEdissolutio n = -37 KJ/molEdissolution = -37000 J/molMolar mass of LiCl = 42.39 J/molEdissolution/ g of salt = Edissolution/ molar mass= -37000 J/mol/ 42.39 g/mol= -873 J/g saltEdissolution for LiCl = -873 J/g saltEdissolution of LiBr = -472 J/g saltEdissolution of NaCl = 51.3 J/g saltEdissolution of NaBr = 0 J/g saltEdissolution of KCl = 228 J/g salt discourse In the look into, a simple constant-pressure, coffee cup calorimeter was calibrated exploitation an unpleasant-base neutralization reaction. the work out specific heat of calorimeter was then used to determine the heats of reactions and dissolutions of other chemical compounds.A simple constant pressure calorimeter was produced tabu of two styroform cups. The cups were covered with a plastic lid with a mass in centre. trance erformiing the acid-base neutralization reaction, the temperature of both acid and base were rhythm using PH metre temperature probe. The temperature were about each other. When HCl was added to NaOH no gla ring change was observed while adding the acid. But the temperature of the soluction was rise after the acid was added. This showed that the reaction between HCl and NaOH was exothermic reaction. after that mass of the final solution was measured.The second objective was to find the heat of the reaction per mole of calcium metal, while following the hesss law provided in the lab manual. This was through in two different trials. First the calcium metal was added to 50.0 ml of 1.0M HCl and then 50ml of water. When calcium was added to HCl it reacted vigorously creating bubbles. The highest temperature recorded was almost double the initial temperature. When water was added to this solution, no visible change was observed, but temperature was dropped by 10 degC. The overall process was still an exothermic reaction the heat of the reaction was calculated to be -190.372 KJ/moleIn the second trial, the calcium was start-off added to water. This reaction was similar to the first one. Calc ium reacted with the water vigorously. The temperature of the solution was change magnitude showing that is was exothermic reaction. when HCl was added to this solution the temperature was dropped by 3.6 degC.Which was less than the first case. The heat of the raction waw calculated to be -213.81 KJ/mole.The closeness o fthe both results can be explained by the fact that heat of the reaction is a state function, and does not depend on the path of the reaction. this also increases the confidence in the result.The final objective of the reaction was to determine the heat of dissociation of the unknown salt, and and so find the unknown salt by comparing the heat of dissotiation to the heat dissolution of possible salts. This unknown salt code C was sportsmanlike powder form. When unknown salt was added to water, temperature raise by 7.1 degC. This reaction showed that this was a exothermic reaction. the average enthalpy of dissolution of the unknown salt C was calculated to be -764. 67 J/g. This value of enthalpy of dissolution corresponded to the calculated value of Lithium chloride, LiCl.A number of experiment errors could have stirred the data collected, which includes the accuracy and precission of the instruments used environment conditions. The graduated cylinder was used to measure liquids was accurate to only one decimal place, or could only round the value to .0 or to .5. the measuring balance used to iron out had had high accuracy up to three decimal place, dispite that there was difference in the total weigh of the soluction in all three trials. This shows that whitethorn be weighing machine was not accurate. it is also possible that when solution was shaked to mix the reactant some of the solution lost or may be was left over on the cover lid. Or into the walls of cups and glass container. While doing the experiment some liquid was spilled that could be that reason for the difference in the weight. The volume of the solution could be measured by b urettes or pipetts for high accuracy.Overall the results of the experiment calculations were really promising and confident based on the fact that they folled the theory of the experiment.ConclusionA calorimeter was prepared. The heat capacity of calorimeter was calculated to be 29.73 J/deg C. The heat reaction calcium was found to be -190.372 KJ/mole and -213.81 KJ/mole, in the two trials. the unknown salt had -764.67 J/g salt. The unknown salt C was found to be Lithium chloride. Results of this experiment is promissign and confident.ReferencesOlmsted, john 3 Williams, greg burk Robert c. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed john Wiley and sons ltd Mississauga, Canada, 2012, pp 511-550

The Peace of Westphalia, 1648

The quietude of Westphalia, 1648In 1648, the rest of Westphalia sign aloneed the closing of a decades old European conflict. It is difficult to decipher the true heart of the rest of Westphalia because it represented the end of a war which ended in a way which was different from where it began. Religious confrontation morphed into a markulate and opportunity to advance state strategical interests. However, social lion make, Andreas Osiander, and Derek Croxton each become varying business lines on the effects of the Peace of Westphalia.In The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948, Leo Gross contends that the Peace of Westphalia is significant because it consecrated the principle of toleration by establishing the friction matchity in the midst of Protestant and Catholic states and by providing some safeguards for apparitional minorities.1Thus, he states the Peace of Westphalia was the starting point for the development of ultramodern transnational law.2Essentially, no one cou ntry would have a right (divine or other) to have force play over a nonher, as each states was acknowledged as free. However, although this would be nice in theory, history has shown that Europe bled itself dry because of conflicts in the centuries following the Peace of Westphalia. Gross states that the Peace of Westphalia marked mans abandonment of the fancy of hierarchical structure of society and his opinion for a new formation characterized by the coexistence of a multiplicity of states, each sovereign inwardly its territory, equal to one another, and free from any external earthly authority.3This statement is fundamentally flawed, although perhaps in theory, each state was equal they were absolutely not equal. It would be foolish to treat all states following the Peace of Westphalia as equally sovereign. For example he German states gained the right to ally themselves with states extracurricular of the Holy papist Empire, but the Swiss and the Dutch gained de facto reig n. Gross streng sos his stock when he acknowledges precedents set by previous treaties however his constant romanticisation of the Peace of Westphalia harms his argument, as it seems he focuses on his nostalgic viewpoint of the Peace of Westphalia.4Because no formal declaration of sovereignty existed at the time of the Peace of Westphalia, the parties involved found it individually beneficial to advance their national strategic interests, by enhancing state power. For example, Frances cardinal Richelieu was a brilliant realist strategist. Even though the Austria and Spain were Catholic powers, he believed that Frances national interest could be advanced by opposing these two powers. France even continued to fight Spain while seeking a separate peace with Austria. Moreover, Grosss argument contains a glaring post hoc ergo. Gross states that we should search not so much in the text of the treaties themselves as in their implications, in the broad constructions on which they rest an d the developments to which they provided impetus.5The delusion is that Gross claims that because the Peace of Westphalia was before our modern conception of sovereignty, it does not of necessity follow that the Peace of Westphalia alone created our modern conception of sovereignty. There were some(prenominal) more factors at play. Grosss argument is too straightforward as it assumes that all actors following the war were fundamentally equal.In Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth, Andreas Osiander contends that The Peace of Westphalia is a product of nineteenth and twentieth century fixation on the concept of sovereignty. I conclude by discussing how what I call the ideology of sovereignty has hampered the development of IR theory6According to Osiander the (Thirty geezerhood) war continued because the Swedish and French crowns wanted to enhance their positions in Europe.7He comes to a culture that if the war war not fought to ward off a holy terror to the independence of other European actors posed by the Hasburg dynasty, then the tradition of the 1648 peace cannot be right either8Nineteenth and twentieth century historians readily espoused the view somehow that the Danes, Dutch, French, and Swedes were really defending themselves while in addition selflessly helping others to ward off oppression9He claims this is why the Peace of Westphalia is often seen as an anti-hegemonial order.10He directly accuses Leo Gross as spreading this false view. Osiander claims that many subsequent literature on this view, assume Grosss views to be self evident and implied in the treaty. Osiner strengthens his argument when he quotes another scholar who agree with him, Stephen Krassner. Osiander claims that history has viewed the Hasburgs as the villains of the Thirty Years War, and that the original crisis did not break taboo because the Hasburgs were powerful, but because they were weak.11Andreas Osiander views the Peace of Westphalia done the viewpoint of a postmodernist. He is challenging our previous knowledge of the Peace of Westphalia, and underlying assumptions held by previous scholars. He is purposely reversing traditional notions of historic interpretations such as the belief of the Hasburg dynasty as the villains of the Thirty Years War. Osiander is place to warn there may be a harm of placing our values, our beliefs, onto historical events. Osianders argument is important as it forces us to re-examine commonly held beliefs around the Peace of Westphalia and its significance. Moreover he claims that Sovereignty as currently dumb does not go back to the seventeenth century that even then and nevertheless, relations among autonomous actors were perfectly possible without waiting for the concept to be invented that the degree of autonomy of the actors might very.12He strengthens his argument when he acknowledges that the relationships between the actors involved in the Peace of Westphalia were very complex. In The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty, Derek Croxton doubts as whole, that sovereignty was a main principle of the Peace of Westphalia. Croxtons main argument is that de facto sovereign states existed at a time when few statesmen had anything like the modern conception of sovereign equality as the founding notion of the foreign system.13Croxton acknowledges that the main difficulty of the origins of sovereignty lies not in rulers which claims themselves to be sovereign but other leaders who acknowledge that sovereignty.14He accurately points out that papal authority was already in decline, the Peace of Westphalia just quickened the railway yard of the decline.15Croxton states that many scholars claim that sovereignty was dispersed to kings and princes in the Holy Roman Empire following its defeat in the Thirty Years war. However, he bluntly and correctly notes that the Holy Roman Empire lasted for another 158 geezerhood16and that although the estates w ere given new rights, including the right to make alliances with outside powers and a territorial right of dominions, the rights demonstrate the limits to their sovereignty rather than its triumph superiority within their own.17Moreover, Croxton claims that The idea of sovereignty was not new in the 1640s the question was whether sovereignty should be multipolar.18This view correctly challenges the assumption that the Peace of Westphalia was a modern event, even though it did make changes to the international system of politics.Throughout the readings, it is likely that the relationship between the European states was very complicated, intricate, and included interrelationships based upon legion(predicate) factors. These factors could include a repose of religious, imperial, interstate and intrastate relationships. The Peace of Westphalia promoted the form of power, but ironically it also created a new balance of power among the European states. The The Peace of Westphalia pro moted more moderation on behalf of all states, as whenever a power tried to dominate Europe (i.e. Napoleonic France or Hitlers Germany), there emerged a coalition of opposing forces to restore the balance of power. The balance of power did not avoid crisis, but it did create an equilibrium in which no one state had the ability to completely dominate the others.

My Experience with Biology :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Experience with Biology To all who receipt me, they know how I cant stand everything that is gross and slimy, or possibly get me in any way, shape, or form dirty. (I cant stand to be dirty at all) When I go to the doctors, I cant scour stand to see the nurses beat my arm with a long, cold, sharp needle, so they can get a blood sample. I cant even stand to live the shows on the Discovery channel where they atomic number 18 operating on any part of the human body and there is blood oozing from the clear-cut flesh of a human being. I find it very sound to swallow when I even get a glimpse of it on television. This has always been my feeling ever since I was little, barely when I entered gritty schooling and took a College Prep Biology course my feelings on things that are gross and slimy changed quite a bit. In gamey school I took a Biology class as every high school student has to do. I felt a little smarter than some(a) of the others, because I was not only pickings Biology, solely I was taking college prep Biology. The only drawback to the class was I was going to have to a lot of disassembleing to do. today, I know in Biology everyone had to dissect the conventional earthworms and frogs, which I can handle without any problems. The problem I encountered later I entered the Biology class was not the fact that I had to dissect worms and frogs, but I had to actually dissect a fetal pig. I was not looking forward to this part of the class I was even considering transferring into the normal, calm Biology class every one of my sane friends had done, but it was too late to turn back now. I vividly mobilise my teacher passing out the syllabus of his course and talking in a very excited manner about the dissecting of the fetal pig. Now class, I know the tradition is to just dissect earthworms and frogs, which we will do, but I am anxious to get to the dis partitioning of the fetal pig section of the class.

Woolfs Advice for the Woman Artist :: Virginia Woolf, A Room of Ones Own

Women who want to escape the cross out woman author (as opposed to writer--the manly norm) leave had to write like one of the boys, de-sexing themselves. Super-feminine lady writers, if they stick to their good nook, will be both(prenominal) praised and despised for doing what comes naturally. But the woman writer who refuses these categories blows the scheme sky-high and incurs the ire of the gods. (Michele Roberts in The Independent, 1997)Perhaps more than whatever other late-twentieth century British woman writer, Jeanette Winterson has taken to heart Woolfs advice in A Room of Ones knowledge that a woman must have money and a elbow room of her own if she is to write fiction (4), only when Winterson has also, as Michele Roberts points out, incurred the wrath of the ethnical gods as a result. Winterson has used her literary and financial success to desexualise a life centered approximately her work and her concerns-- much to the fascination and horror of the British l iterary psychiatric hospital and popular press. Winterson challenges the established rules of writing, publishing, reviewing--in sum, the heathenish expectations for the woman workman in British guild--constructing her life in state to argue against, as Woolf does in AROO, two heathen myths that the artist female genitalia remain aloof from the material concerns undeniable for the production of art, and that gender and its bid sociable roles do not check the production of that art. Continually re-inserting her body, her gender, and her expectant into their portrait, Winterson wrestles with the British press and literary establishment for the right to construct her social role-- and live her life--on her own terms.In hobby Woolfs advice for the woman writer, then, Winterson has struck a nerve in British culture, and the populace response she elicits, I will argue, illustrates the persistence of gendered and class-based expectations for a woman artist in Britain today. Instead of tolerating Winterson as another Martin Amis or, in one reviewers comparison, excusing her fashion as comparable to gaga Papa Hemingways bravado (Faulks 9), the press presents Wintersons in spades un-feminine and nouveaux riche behavior with a combining of fascination and ire. Indeed, she is taken to task for the precise circumstances which have allowed her to recrudesce her art. Winterson may have garnered the proverbial L500 and a room of her own, but her self-presentation and her resulting theatrical performance in the British press move on us to revisit Woolfs advice and cultural analysis of the woman artist in a patriarchal society with a contemporary eye.Woolfs Advice for the Woman Artist Virginia Woolf, A Room of Ones declareWomen who want to escape the label woman writer (as opposed to writer--the masculine norm) have had to write like one of the boys, de-sexing themselves. Super-feminine lady writers, if they stick to their nice nook, will be both praise d and despised for doing what comes naturally. But the woman writer who refuses these categories blows the scheme sky-high and incurs the wrath of the gods. (Michele Roberts in The Independent, 1997)Perhaps more than any other late-twentieth century British woman writer, Jeanette Winterson has taken to heart Woolfs advice in A Room of Ones Own that a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction (4), but Winterson has also, as Michele Roberts points out, incurred the wrath of the cultural gods as a result. Winterson has used her literary and financial success to secure a life centered around her work and her concerns-- much to the fascination and horror of the British literary establishment and popular press. Winterson challenges the established rules of writing, publishing, reviewing--in sum, the cultural expectations for the woman artist in British society--constructing her life in order to argue against, as Woolf does in AROO, two cultural myths that the artist can remain aloof from the material concerns necessary for the production of art, and that gender and its attendant social roles do not influence the production of that art. Continually re-inserting her body, her gender, and her capital into their portrait, Winterson wrestles with the British press and literary establishment for the right to construct her social role-- and live her life--on her own terms.In following Woolfs advice for the woman writer, then, Winterson has struck a nerve in British culture, and the public response she elicits, I will argue, illustrates the persistence of gendered and class-based expectations for a woman artist in Britain today. Instead of tolerating Winterson as another Martin Amis or, in one reviewers comparison, excusing her behavior as comparable to old Papa Hemingways bravado (Faulks 9), the press presents Wintersons decidedly un-feminine and nouveaux riche behavior with a combination of fascination and ire. Indeed, she is taken to task for the very circumstances which have allowed her to produce her art. Winterson may have garnered the proverbial L500 and a room of her own, but her self-presentation and her resulting representation in the British press encourage us to revisit Woolfs advice and cultural analysis of the woman artist in a patriarchal society with a contemporary eye.

Antiterrorism Policy Essay -- Government Intervention, Global Issues

Does being peaceful and showing goodwill in the conjure indicate terrorists have the license to work at their freewill?? thus it does Soft policies against terrorists will definitely create a lot of tyrannical headlines but at the same time it puts to stake the survival and shelter of its people and primarily disturbs the governments commitment towards preserving national interests. The Mumbai terror attacks of 11/26 shook India and stunned the world, clearly revealing huge chinks in the acress anti-terror armor. A year later, the sole surviving terrorist captured by authorities, Mohammad Ajmal Kasab is given the right to sample freedom before the courts of law, the masterminds of the deadly assault are free and the democracy harboring these terrorists- Pakistan, is probably laughing at our weakness, dismissing us as a enunciate whose outrage is easily calmed by tokenism.Our leaders say, war is no(prenominal) the only way to assert ones strength, dialogue with Pakistan is th e best recourse given the volatilizable situation in the country. But, isnt this anti-confrontation policy responsible for Indias failure to check act of terrorism? Isnt India a diffuse state?India, being a secular classless state has always faced unwieldyies in maintaining its integrity every alike(p) a shot and then. But the unity amongst people and the prevailing brotherhood among countrymen have unploughed as intact despite being the most diversified country in the world. We are renowned to be kindhearted and generous towards others. We like our friends and love our enemies. Call it Gandhigiri or national ethics, compared to other nations, people in our country are not outrageous or rebellious when it progresss to internationalistic Relations (only when it comes to international r... ...etic chink of the poor find higher priority. It is difficult to turn away from the harsh reality-high population, illiteracy, unemployment, social marginalization, poverty, highly app alling condition of public health and much more make our country weak.We command to quest after these issues right to their ancestral roots in order to come up with a permanent remedy. Sooner the headship realizes this, the better for the nation. On the track to betterment there is no gray, its black or white, yes or no. There is no scope for a counterfeit policy. We can no longer put to stake our successful trail by swaying into second-rate sources of insinuation. Hence it becomes highly important for the Government to stand up to such situations in future and demonstrate the right mix of power and talk terms strength to neutralise the antagonist and avoid becoming a soft state.