Conventional Cytogenetic Report

This report is studying about conventional cytogenetic, and we will focus on a technique called ‘karyotyping’. This repot is going to introduce about the definition, the history and the improvements of karyotyping made before, what is the process and the working principle of this technique and also how if can be applied in our daily life. Karyotyping is a test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells, which can help identify genetic problems as the cause of a disorder or disease. The term ‘karyotyping’ is come from ‘karyotype’, which is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species.The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics. In the middle and late 18th century, scientists were aware of the presence of chromosomes but had difficulty studying them because of their extremely small size. Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by a scientist called Karl Wilhelm von Nageli in 1842, but since the sample s they took had small chromosomes. After the development of genetics in the early 20th century, when it was appreciated that the set of chromosomes, the karyotype was the carrier of the genes.Another scientist Levitsky seems to have been the first to define the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents. It took until the middle 1950s until it became generally accepted that the karyotype of humans included only 46 chromosomes. Rather interestingly, the great apes have 48 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 was formed by a merger of ancestral chromosomes, which reducing the number. Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle by two famous scientists: Hans von Winiwarter and Theophilus Shickel Painter.Hans von Winiwarter examined normal human diploid cells to try and define the number of chromosomes that humans have. In his time, guesses ranged from 16 to 36. He used the most powerful microscopes available in his day in one of the first accurate karyotyping attempts, and counted specifically between 46 and 49 chromosomes in his samples in 1912. He concluded that females had two X chromosomes and males had only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome. Theophilus Shickel Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of humans was 46 or 48, at first favouring 46.He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. And there are two advanced skills in karyotyping. The first one is Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), this method is going to investigate the use of virtual karyotypes for diagnostically challenging renal epithelial tumors. First is to evaluate 25 archived renal neoplasms where sub-classification could not be rendered based on morphology and other ancillary studies. Then it will generate virtual karyotypes with the Affymetrix 10 K 2. 0 mapping array platform and identify the presence of genomic lesions across all 22 autosomes.The second one is Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), it is going  to scan the entire genome for variations in DNA copy number. Total genomic DNA is isolated from test and reference cell populations, differentially labeled and hybridized to metaphase chromosomes or DNA microarrays. The relative hybridization intensity of the test and reference signals at a given location is then proportional to relative copy number of those sequences in the test and reference genomes. The increases and decreases in the intensity ratio directly indicate DNA copy-number variation in the genome of the test cells.

Consumer Preference Towards Kfc

CHAPTER-V FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Findings: This chapter is intended to summarize the findings of the analysis. The following have been observed in this study. Findings of simple percentage analysis * Majority of the respondents are male. * Majority of the respondents are unmarried. * Majority of the respondents are degree/diploma. * Majority of the respondents are student. * Majority of the person belong to the income group of less than Rs. 15000. * Majority of the person belong to the age group of 21-30 years. * Majority of the person are from single family. * The majority of the respondentsare from family having 2-4 members. The majorityof respondents know KFC by friends. * The majority of the respondents prefer KFC for taste. * The majority of the respondents are visiting KFC once a month. * The majority of the respondentsprefer chicken in KFC. * The majority of the respondents are went KFC with friends and collegeous. * The majority of the respondents are feel it li es on a main road. * The majority of the respondents are feelingthe price in KFC is very expensive. * The majority of the respondents feel the quantity provided by them is enough for their needs * The majority of the respondents are satisfied about customer services in KFC. The majority of the respondents feelthe hygiene quality in KFC is average. * The majority of the respondents feel the KFC food is good. * The majority of the respondents feel the KFC focus its image towards students. * The majority of the respondents feel that category added to KFC food became healthier is vegetables/fruits. * The majority of the respondents feel the dairy/proteins added to current KFC food is little. * The majority of the respondents feel the packaging of food products in KFC is safe. Suggestions: On the basis of the result of the study and oral discussions held with the customers, the following suggestions are made.KFC is one of the emerging chicken restaurants which is at a peak in our city bu t not all the income group people to afford it, so many fell that the price of the varieties in KFC is very high, which if reduced can be afforded also by the middle and the lower income group people. KFC is getting a good name and fame all over the world but a very familiar complaint that is emerging even now is that, they feel that the quantity i. e, the content of the dish is very less, it would be better if they provide with a little more quantity at the same rate.There has also been as issue that, it will be better if the KFC restaurant can start with home delivery which will be very useful specially for kids and the old age people. KFC can look forward in opening many retail outlets in feasible areas so that everyone in and around the city can enjoy the ‘its finger licking good’. KFC is only providing with chicken, which is a junk food. Thegeneration these days arefacing a lot of health hazards, so it would be better if they also give health and hygienic food so t hat this will this will also be a good source of profit as well as a good name. t can also increase the variety of dishes to attract the customers. Conclusion: From the study it is clear that, niche marketing an upcoming concept in India has taken up its place which can be easily studied from KFC which is a niche market. KFC has a good product as far as chicken items are concerned. But they have to increase other varieties to attract customers. And they must target the children, and one more aspect for KFC is that it must also reduce their prices to compete their competitors like McDonald, Dominos and Pizza Hut. The consumer continues to have many choices when it comes to fast food restaurants.

Facebook and Loneliness Essay

With over 955 million active Facebook users worldwide, Facebook has definitely taken over the internet, and many people’s lives. With a simple click of a button many people can communicate with each other in the blink of an eye. Being able to add however many friends one may want, or talk to how ever many people one may want would make someone assume many people are less lonely today than they were 100 years ago. However, that is not the case. In recent years, the number of chronically lonely people worldwide has gone up significantly. Why one may ask? Research has shown a direct connection to loneliness and the frequent use of Facebook. Facebook, like many other social media sites gives individuals a way to communicate with friends, family, and other individuals through the internet. Throughout the years Facebook has become a worldwide phenomenon that people have become quite obsessed with. One would think that since Facebook makes communication quicker, and easier for many people that it would make people less lonely. However, it is doing the opposite. Today, lonely people use Facebook as an outlet to run to while other things in their lives aren’t going as planned. Loneliness lies deep inside someone, and cannot be cured by â€Å"fake† communicating with an individual over Facebook. While individuals flee to Facebook to try to alleviate the pain of being lonely, it only leaves them less happy. The more these people try to be happy, the less happy they will be. It was shown that the more narcissistic one is, the more likely they are to be using Facebook. These types of people have an inflated sense of their own importance of oneself. Facebook is a perfect outlet for them to create this great self-image for oneself, while forgetting about all other aspects of life. Facebook also intrigues lonely people as a way to feel more connected to other individuals, however these other individuals over Facebook are like a dog, or a book, they are not real things to become completely intimate with. This leaves people with a sense of loneliness in the long run. Personally, I was shocked to see the statistics about how Facebook is making individuals lonelier then not. This is because I definitely thought Facebook  was bringing people less loneliness then anything by offering the service to talk to people whenever one desires. However, after reading the article I completely understand how to opposite trend is now taking place. Facebook is a perfect outlet for lonely people to run to, and it does nothing but hurt them. Though it is not Facebook alone that is making people lonely worldwide, Facebook is definitely contributing to the increasing number yearly. Since Facebook started offering one-click communication methods and the ability to talk to anyone, at any time people have become less engaged in real life and more engaged in cyber-life. Individuals struggling with family or other relationships run to their fantasy world on the internet while leaving more important issues behind them for a quick second. In a world with so much technology, and advancements in communication one would think that this would make us less lonely, but we can all see now that this is not the case.

Difference between NIetzche's and Hegel's views on education (bildung) Essay

Difference between NIetzche's and Hegel's views on education (bildung) - Essay Example There is a difference between Hegel’s view that education (Bildung) is for everyone, and that everyone can be educated. Hegel emphasized that Bildung in the Civil Society refers to the education of the conscience to learn how to link the specific and the universal. The author reiterates that the Bildung includes giving credibility to the universal. The author goes further by stating that the Bildung education incorporates the theory that the individual members of society are private persons having their own diverse interests, wants, and needs as their objective. Since the objective goes through mediation passing through the universal, the individuals interpret the objective as the means. The individuals can attain their objective only if they determine their own diverse knowledge, volition, and action in a universal way in order to make themselves connections in the continuum chain. The above quote clearly shows that education, during Hegel’s time and during our present generation, is intertwined with many significant factors. For example, the students study engineering with the hope that they will be landing an engineering job, after graduation. The management students spend lots of time mastering their management concepts with the hope they will become future managers in the work place. In turn, the engineering companies are willing to accept new employees if they have the necessary skills, capabilities, and other relevant experiences needed to ensure the company’s goals are achieved on time and with quality. Hegel explains this process by stating that the uneducated person starts out from a perspective in which the specific interest is the objective and the universal is the means. This is the reverse of the proper relationship, in accordance with the universal is the objective and the specific is the means. Hegel explains that Bildung education is the dynamic relationship between the subjective aspects as well as the objective aspects of CRIC. To develop the subjective aspect, the full capability for holding on to the specific and universal in one firm bind, with thee objective presence of such institutions and objective precedence relations between them already in place. In addition, the subjective sense of CRIC sustains and aids the objective order. This can be explained as follows. The form of universality to where the specific had worked its way up and cultivated [heraufgebildet] itself, the comprehension [verstandigkeit], makes it happen that at the same time the specific [Besonderheit] is metamorphosed to the genuine being for itself of the individuality [Enizelheit]. Likewise, since the specific that universality accepts both the content which fills it and its infinite self-determination, specialty is itself cropping up in ethical life as free subjectivity which has infinite being for itself. The individual reaches universality. The universal reaches its content and infinite self-determination from the inter est as well as actions of the individuals. In short, Hegel’s Bildung education places importance on learning through action activities, as opposed to learning through book reading activities1. Further, Hegel theorizes in his valedictory address, on its graduating 1788 class, that the Turkish State had neglected its major responsibility to educate its citizens. Hegel states that education is a great influence on Turkey’s and any other average state’s government affairs. Bildung is pegged as the foundation of the political body. Manners, the state’s primary responsibility to further the citizen’s education and learning, sciences focus on the societal elements, and the arts2. In addition, there are many loyalists to the

Provocation As A Defence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Provocation As A Defence - Essay Example The researcher states that today, under the English common law the act of provocation as a defence has been considered as a vali, since last many centuries especially in cases of murder and wherever it has been proved to be a valid defence worth consideration then in that case the murder charge has been converted to man-slaughter. The killings done by the accused has been condoned because according to the judge and the jury it was done in a state of anger aroused by some or the other kind of provocation. Provocation as a defence has been going on since the medieval times. The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, which reported in 1953, concluded that the defence was, in some respects, too rigid and exclusionary. The English Law Commission has recently published its final proposals for a reformed law of provocation. The recommendations come in two parts: situations where accused acted in response to a fear of serious violence or in response to words or conduct that constitute †Å"gross provocation.† In cases of fear of serious violence, accused will be convicted of second degree murder, provided a person of the accused’s age and of ordinary temperament, in the given circumstances might have reacted in the similar way. This development is welcome and seems entirely suitable to cover without strain domestic violence cases. It also caters to the demands of the long drawn of several activists who had been crying hoarse over the years over the defence of provocation as being flawed and bloated.

Small groups and Team communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Small groups and Team communication - Essay Example Every team leader and manager should be an expert in dealing with small groups to achieve success. â€Å"Individual commitment to a group effort -- that is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization work† said Vincent Lombardi. The duty of every leader is to bring out this personal dedication from every person working under them. Every team member is like a horse tied to a chariot. The team leader should control this group of horses using ethics as the whip and identification plus appreciation as the carrot for the horses. As a charioteer, the leader is completely responsible for making his team win or lose the race. A leader has several responsibilities like understanding the specific problems associated with the project, running the team smoothly without any ego clashes, extracting the best from the new performer as well as the star performer, meeting the deadlines and the expectancies of the management without compromising the basic rights of the city clean team, etc. With the concept of global Village gaining popularity day by day, working with people from different countries in multicultural workspaces is unavoidable. When people from various races and countries join together to work in a single group, conflicts arising because of cultural differences are very common. For example, Americans consider it an honour to give each other enough space. They do not interfere in another person’s personal life. At the same time, people from traditional European countries consider it a symbol of friendship to act very close to each other. Handshaking is considered as the polite act in some cultures, while kissing on the cheeks while greeting a woman is mandatory in others. The same act is considered taboo in eastern cultures. Several conflicts might arise due to these misconceptions. It is up to the leader to run the team smoothly

The Influence of Activity Based Costing in Finance Sector Essay

The Influence of Activity Based Costing in Finance Sector - Essay Example Understanding ABC can show the way to better knowledge of an organization business course of actions and basic expenses. ABC is a financial plan and scrutiny process that estimates operating cost by involving overheads to orders, clientele, services and end-items. It permits managers to discriminate between cost-effective and non-beneficial services. ABC facilitates to fill up the spaces of conventional costing by recognizing all the work actions and their costs that enrol in constructing a product, carrying a service, or executing a process. When the solitary expenses are calculated, a representation of the overall cost of a process becomes apparent. The cost of giving out the different division of consumers can yet distinguish by ABC model (Shank, 1996).Daly (2001) elucidate that the central theory behind the Activity-based costing system is that resource operating cost have to be allocated to the activities executed. Expenses acknowledged in the economy are assembled and circulated to these events. This assists the firm to comprehend how much they are paying out on the activities that sustain the making of certain item for consumption or services.Mapping out firm expenditures can start by consulting department executives to find out what primary activities are carried out in each unit and what aspects decide how long a doing a cquires. Just the once this record is achieved, one can begin to trace the supply costs to activities. Taking the case of objects managing department in which the public in the department acted upon three fundamental assignments can represent this. These responsibilities comprised of: accepting purchased stuffs, accepting unprocessed materials and distributing materials. It was supposed that every member of staff in the division was uniformly trained and equally remunerated, so the firm made a decision to apply time percentages for handing over material costs to the three responsibilities. The time of the supervisor was spread transversely for all activities executed by the division in percentage to the time laboured by other workers under management. Therefore, exclusive of indulging each sort of work as different, costs were allocated in relation to the effort done. Several departments have persons who appear to work daily, no issue at what altitude of capability their division is functioning. This kind of obligation often is categorized as fixed, because the amount of people who work does not fluctuate with requirements. This view is not acceptable for all the time though, because the majority of departments have various fixed and variable costs. Within a department, workers may be handed over to complete a number of tasks based on the level of order. This kind of task can be marked out to what action is being carried out, and can therefore, be preceded to the concluding cost of the end substance. A quantity of resources might perhaps also be fixed for a division. This might comprise the space in the capacity that the department utilizes and the equipments that the division requires to work. With the technology at present, costing statistics should be readily obtainable to evaluate the variable costs of a division, plus the assigned costs, in c oncluding the achievability of a project (Locander, 1998). Literature Review Designing the Optimal System Different Perspectives Few years back a research association of banks constructed a report that evidently described how management accounting figures in banking